Summary
DESIGNING AND SCORING PARALLEL ASSESSMENTS
Traditional Tests
Designing Selected-Response Items
Designing Short Constructed-Response Items
Scoring Assessments That Use Selected-Response and Short Constructed-Response Items
Essays
Performance Tasks, Demonstrations, and Presentations
Portfolios
Probing Discussions
Student Self-Assessments
Assessments That Cover One Level of a Proficiency Scale
Voting Techniques
Observations
Student-Generated Assessments
The Complete Measurement Process
Assessment Planning
Differentiated Assessments
Summary
DISCUSSING THE CA PARADIGM FOR RELIABILITY
Discussing the Traditional View of Reliability
Foundations of the Traditional Concept of Reliability
The Concept of Error Score
The Concept of True Score
The Correlation Coefficient and the Reliability Coefficient
The Conceptual Formula for Reliability
The Reliability Determination Using a Single Test
The Achilles Heel of the Reliability Coefficient
Estimating True Scores Using Mathematical Models
The Linear Trend Line
The Curvilinear Trend Line
The Average Trend Line
Model Reconciliation
Model of Best Fit
Using Technology
Discussing the Implications for Formative and Summative Scores
Using Instructional Feedback
Employing the Method of Mounting Evidence
Considering the Issue of Scales
Proficiency Scales as Inherently Ordinal
Proficiency Scales That Are Internally Consistent
The Strong Statistics Theory
Summary
MEASURING GROWTH FOR GROUPS OF STUDENTS
Measuring Growth
Linear Growth Score
The Curvilinear Growth Score
The Difference Score
Reconciling the Three Reliabilities
Using Technology to Help Teachers
Summary
TRANSFORMING THE SYSTEM USING THE NEW CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT PARADIGMS
Transforming Report Cards
Weighted and Unweighted Averages
The Median and the Mode
The Conjunctive Approach
A Supplemental Measurement Topic
The Practice of Allowing Students to Increase Their Scores
Transforming Teacher Evaluations
Summary
Technical Note I.1: Confidence Intervals
Technical Note 3.1: Linear Trend Line
Technical Note 3.2: Curvilinear Trend Line
Technical Note 3.3: Trend Line for the Average
Technical Note 3.4: The Method of Mounting Evidence
Technical Note 4.1: Reliability of Linear Growth Scores
Technical Note 4.2: Reliability of Curvilinear Growth Scores
Technical Note 4.3: Reliability of Difference Scores
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