that compel him or her to launch and navigate a quest. By nature, a learner is an inquirer, asking questions that require imagination, exploration, re-examination, and reworking.
Questions help merge emotionally gripping topics with learning targets such as the following Common Core State Standards for mathematics and for English language arts (National Governors Association Center for Best Practices [NGA] & Chief State School Officers [CCSSO], 2010b, 2010c).
* Write a meaningful argument (W.9–10.1).
* Write a helpful informational piece (W.11–12.2.a).
* Create charts to display data collected (3.MD.3).
* Identify whether there is a correlation in data and describe the relationship between two variables (HSS.ID.B.6).
* Design a model (HSG.MG.A.3).
* Create a character (W.3.3).
* Solve a problem with double-digit multiplication (4.NBT.B.5).
We introduce four distinct but interrelated types of questions here, discuss each at length in chapter 3 (page 25), and flesh them out in chapter 8 (page 97).
1. Essential questions promote inquiry in a topic, skill, or concept. The teacher designs these questions because the teacher knows what content and skills are most significant (and must be addressed) in the curriculum.
2. Driving questions guide research, action, and creation. Inspired by essential questions, students generate driving questions. These questions optimize student ownership, help students establish the challenge, and aid in their mapping out an approach to inquiry. With these, the learner engages with relevant, worthy inquiries and experiences that are interesting or emotionally gripping.
3. Probing questions deeply examine statements. Teachers can design these alone or co-create them with students to help examine assumptions based on evidence. Probing questions help students navigate learning goals and make sense of information or results.
4. Reflection questions encourage deep thinking about what the student learned and its impact on him or her. These questions help students during deliverable development, guiding revisions as well as monitoring how they feel about their process and progress.
Table 2.1 links the question types to the tenets of engagement.
Table 2.1: Question Design Connections to Tenets of Engagement
| Design Connections | Engagement Tenet |
| The teacher designs essential questions to begin a student’s quest. The student drafts a series of driving questions to guide his or her inquiry process. | The learner engages with relevant, worthy inquiries and experiences that are interesting or emotionally gripping. |
| The teacher uses probing questions for the student to actively consider, guiding the extended cycle of expertise as the student develops patterns, solutions, prototypes, and creations. This may lead to new or nuanced driving questions. | The learner engages in an active, intentional cycle with clear goals and right-sized, actionable steps. |
| The student connects to others through a shared interest in specific questions, topics, or creation examination. As students share their thinking and development, reflection questions guide revisions. | The learner engages in social, collaborative opportunities that grow expertise. |
Chapter 3 focuses both on inquiry development and the spaces where learners can pursue those questions.
Game Design Choices
Game design encourages students to learn while playing or designing a game. Neither learners nor teachers need to be fluent in the art of game design. Both can choose game design and its options without a background in game design. Good questing games are those that are challenging enough to be fun, but effectively teach content and skills so players do not quit when the game challenges them further. There is a balance between a task’s challenge and the support provided to prepare players to accomplish that task or collection of tasks; that is known as reaching a win state (a phrase the gaming community employs to explain how to win any game that has more than one way to win). The same is true for quests—there is more than one way to move forward.
Different kinds of computer languages, such as Visual Basic, have evolved from BASIC. Visit Code.org (www.code.org) if you’re interested in learning more. (Visit go.Solution Tree.com/instruction for live links to the websites mentioned in this book.) Chapter 4 (page 35) further explains game options, when learners make the following choices.
* The type of game that fits best for the desired learning: cooperative, competitive, or simulation
* Whether the learner will play a game to learn or design a game for other learners
* Which existing games, affinity spaces, and models can support the questing experience
Table 2.2 connects the tenets of engagement and the game design model.
Table 2.2: Game Design Connections to Tenets of Engagement
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