had denounced the anarchists for hindering unification of a popular anti-fascist front and as ‘enemies of proletarian unity’.50 Clearly, the communists had little understanding of the reasons why.
Endnotes:
1 David Forgas in Rethinking Italian Fascism: Capitalism, Populism and Culture (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1986), 74.
2 Maura de Agostini, Prisoners & Partisans: Italian Anarchists in the Struggle Against Fascism (London: Kate Sharpley Library, 1999), 4.
3 Frances Stonor Saunders, The Woman Who Shot Mussolini (London: Faber and Faber, 2010), 218–219.
4 de Agostini, Prisoners & Partisans, 5.
5 Saunders, The Woman Who Shot Mussolini, 225.
6 Ibid., 242.
7 Denis Mack Smith, Mussolini: A Biography (London: Granada, 1983), 28.
8 Martin Pugh, ‘Hurrah for the Blackshirts!’ Fascists and Fascism in Britain Between the Wars (London: Pimlico, 2006), 37.
9 Philip Morgan, Italian Fascism 1919–1945 (London: Macmillan, 1995), 23.
10 Ibid., 34.
11 Adrian Lyttelton, The Seizure of Power: Fascism in Italy, 1919–1929 (London: Weidenfeld, 1987), 35.
12 Lyttelton, The Seizure of Power, 244.
13 Smith, Mussolini, 42–45.
14 Lyttelton, The Seizure of Power, 59.
15 Ibid., 60.
16 Ibid., 168.
17 Ibid., 163.
18 Ibid., 169.
19 Ibid., 189.
20 Ibid.
21 Anarchist Federation, Resistance to Nazism (London: AFED, 2008), 26.
22 Forgas, Rethinking Italian Fascism, 56.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid., 73–74.
25 Ibid., 75.
26 Ibid.
27 de Agostini, Prisoners & Partisans, 7.
28 Rivista Anarchica, Red Years, Black Years: Anarchist Resistance to Fascism in Italy (London: ASP, 1989), 6.
29 Ibid., 19.
30 Ibid., 20.
31 Ibid.
32 Ibid., 21.
33 Ibid., 35.
34 Ibid.
35 Lyttelton, The Seizure of Power, 267.
36 Rivista Anarchica, Red Years, Black Years, 43.
37 de Agostini, Prisoners & Partisans, 8.
38 Ibid., 11.
39 F.W. Deakin, The Last Days of Mussolini (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1962), 167.
40 Smith, Mussolini, 362.
41 Deakin, The Last Days of Mussolini, 207.
42 Ibid., 156.
43 Ibid., 177.
44 Ibid., 187.
45 Ibid., 221.
46 Smith, Mussolini, 357.
47 Ibid.
48 Deakin, The Last Days of Mussolini, 199.
49 Ibid., 234.
50 de Agostini, Prisoners & Partisans, 32.
France: A New Acceptance of Violence
