Priests of the French Revolution. Joseph F. Byrnes

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2 Tennis Court Oath, the abbé Henri Grégoire in the foreground

       3 The abbé Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès in clerical dress

       4 The abbé Grégoire intervening before the Constituent Assembly

       5 The abbé Jacques Jallet, priest and diarist

       6 Canon lawyer Pierre Durand de Maillane

       7 Caricature of clergy refusing the oath of loyalty in the Assembly

       8 Fauchet preaching at Mass for Bastille victims

       9 Title page of Fauchet’s book De la religion nationale

       10 A front page of Fauchet’s publication Bouche de fer

       11 The abbé Adrien Lamourette

       12 Mirabeau with Franklin and Enlightenment philosophes on the Champs Élysées

       13 Canon lawyer Armand-Gaston Camus

       14 The Kiss of Lamourette in the Legislative Assembly

       15 Bishop Louis-Alexandre Expilly

       16 Caricature of a priest refusing the oath of loyalty at Sunday service

       17 King before the Constituent Assembly after his attempt to flee the country

       18 Cover of La Feuille villageoise, a forum for radical priests

       19 The episcopal vicar Yves-Marie Audrein in a mock procession of Jacobins

       20 The episcopal vicar François Chabot as Franciscan and corrupt politician

       21 Bishop Jean-Baptiste Saurine

       22 Bishop Jean-Baptiste Massieu

       23 Jacques Roux with Louis XVI and official entourage about to bring the king to execution

       24 Joseph Le Bon caricatured as blood-drinking executioner

       25 Formal ordination papers turned in by an abdicating priest

       26 First page of first issue of Annales de la religion

       27 The revolutionary calendar

       28 Bishop Claude Le Coz

       29 First manuscript page of the minutes of the 1797 Council

       30 Bishop Jean-Baptiste Royer

       31 Caricature of the 1801 Council gathered in Notre-Dame Cathedral

       32 Jean Gerson, late medieval hero of the constitutionals at the 1801 Council

       33 Signing of the Concordat

       34 Pope Pius VII and Cardinal Caprara, head of papal delegation to reconcile former constitutionals

       35 Commemorative image of Pope Pius VI (burial at Valence)

      MAPS

       1 The oath of loyalty to the nation, the law, and the king

       2 Estimated number of abdicating priests, 1793–1794

       3 The revived Constitutional Church—six areas of activity

      All maps after Langlois, Tackett, and Vovelle, eds., Religion, vol. 9 of Atlas de la Révolution française, © 1996 Éditions de l’École des Hautes Études en Science Sociales.

       Acknowledgments

      In my prologue I praise—and none too much, I might say—the colleagues and friends whose books have provided the bases and parameters essential for the structuring of my own research. To add thanks to praise, I want to express my gratitude to Rodney J. Dean, who carefully read through earlier versions of my book; Timothy Tackett, who instantly responded to all my questions about his own extensive research sans pareil; and Paul Chopelin, whose support, encouragement, and generous welcome to his own remarkable private library facilitated my manuscript revisions these past few years. Paul and his wife, Caroline Chopelin-Blanc, also a leading scholar of the Revolution, graciously received me into their home, where I made new contacts, Michel Biard in particular; renewed old contacts, Daniel Moulinet in particular; and met members of the Université de Lyon III group RESEA (Religions, sociétés et acculturation). Bernard Hours, director of RESEA when I arrived, assuming thereafter the headship of the

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