and Susan Flier, Isabelle and Dick Frost, Barbara Gallati, Bill Gerdts, Katie Getchell, Sandra Goroff, Nancy Whipple Grinnell, Barbara Hostetter, Gisela Jahn, Marrian Johnson, Rhona MacBeth, Terry McAweeney, Maureen Melton, Honor Moore, Jennifer Riley, Ellen Roberts, Carl W. Scarbrough, George T. M. Shackelford, Robert Sidorsky, Jodi Simpson, Ted Stebbins, Richard Virr, Barbara Weinberg, Francis H. Williams, Rosella Mamoli Zorzi, and some anonymous friends. I also am so grateful to my father, Eric Hirshler, who recognized my time constraints, offered encouragement, and helped me to read several letters and manuscripts.
I give heartfelt thanks and all my love to my husband, Harry, who not only willingly undertook the obligation of several research trips to Paris (!), but who also read and reread the manuscript, shopped and cooked, inspired and encouraged me, and gracefully put up with a wife who spent all too many weekends glued to a computer screen. This book simply would not have happened without him. I dedicate it to all the women whose lives, like those of Florie, Jeanie, Isa, and Julia Boit, have been obscured by the conventions of proper behavior and the shadows of art and history.
ERICA E. HIRSHLER
Croll Senior Curator of Paintings Art of the Americas Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Spring 2009
Sargent’s Daughters
JOHN SINGER SARGENT never had daughters - or, in fact, any actual children. He left instead a legacy of a different kind, one of canvas and paint rather than flesh and blood. Today his sons and daughters hang in museums and galleries around the world; they seem as vividly alive as they did when they left the artist’s studio in the nineteenth century. But one painting of children stands out from all the rest: The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit, a large picture of four plainly dressed young girls in a vast and indistinct room (plate 1.1). They were the children of friends of Sargent’s, and their parents allowed him to create a portrait of them that is barely a likeness, a painting that skirts the very definition of the genre. It is a haunting scene, one that has captivated and puzzled viewers for more than a hundred years. These girls are truly Sargent’s daughters, his creation if not his progeny. Through them, Sargent’s place in history has been assured. As the artist himself commented, Boit portraits had always brought him luck.1
The pages that follow are a biography, but not just of Sargent, or Edward Boit, or his four daughters. It is all three of those things and more, a rich tale of painter and patron, friends and families, privacy and public display, fame and obscurity. It is a story about how the portrait came to be made and what happened after it was finished, both to the people involved and to the object itself, the great work of art that now hangs at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. It is also an account of how viewers reacted to this unusual picture when it was first displayed and how perceptions of it have changed over time. This is the biography of a painting.
Sargent’s daughters were the children of Boston artist Edward Darley Boit and his wife Mary Louisa Cushing Boit, more familiarly known as Ned and Isa. Their girls were eight-year-old Mary Louisa, named for her mother and like her called Isa, standing demurely at the left in the painting (plate 1.2); four-year-old Julia (nicknamed Ya-Ya) sitting on the floor (plate 1.3); Florence (Florie), at fourteen the eldest, leaning against the vase in the background; and twelve-year-old Jane (Jeanie) hovering in the dim light beside her (plate 1.4). The Boits and Sargent met in Paris, where all of them had lived since the mid-1870s. With numerous friends (including novelist Henry James) and interests in common, Ned and Isa had many opportunities to cross paths with Sargent. They all loved art and music; they shared a passion for Italy, an appetite for travel, and the untethered experience of being Americans abroad. In the fall of 1882, they collaborated to produce a masterpiece on canvas.
Their relationship did not end there. Unlike many portrait commissions, which most often are simple business transactions that conclude when the painting is complete, Sargent’s relationship with the Boit family was long lasting and complex. He stayed with the Boits when he came to Boston in 1887, his first working trip to the United States. They kept in touch directly, in person and by post, and also indirectly, as their news was shared in the letters of their friends, including Henry James. The Boits and Sargent socialized with one another in London, after Sargent had established his studio practice there. And more than twenty-five years after the portrait was made, Sargent and Ned Boit collaborated on two joint exhibitions, watercolor displays that would demonstrate their relative strengths as painters and foretell each man’s lasting reputation.
Today John Sargent is heralded as one of the nineteenth century’s most brilliant artists, while Ned Boit has largely been forgotten. Isa Boit, the girls’ mother, is often entirely unmentioned, even though her ebullient personality is clearly evident in Sargent’s 1887 portrait of her. Few people are familiar with what happened to the girls, although some know that none of them ever married, and others have heard that they were crazy; the two ideas are sometimes inextricably linked in people’s imaginations. The oversized Japanese vases that now flank the painting in the MFA’s galleries are the only extant remnants of the Boits’ plush lifestyle, which was full of people and possessions, trunks, harps, and canaries. The scalloped rims of the vases are damaged, a testament to the activities of their owners, who moved continuously within the glittering cocoon of expatriate life in Europe and who traveled back and forth across the Atlantic by steamship as regularly and easily as if they were frequent fliers boarding an airplane.
The Boits’ lives have been partially reconstructed here, based on a wealth of documentation that remains, alas, frustratingly incomplete. Ned Boit’s parents carefully saved the long and descriptive letters he wrote to them during his first trip to Europe in 1866-67. Ned himself kept a diary, briefly noting in it his daily activities, but the only volumes known to survive begin in 1885, three years after the portrait was painted. His younger brother Robert, called Bob, was the responsible businessman who stayed home and looked after most of the family’s affairs. Bob was also the family historian, publishing a genealogical account of the Boit family and making lengthy, eloquent journal entries in a series of large ledger books that he later bequeathed to the Massachusetts Historical Society. Sealed from public view until fifty years after his death, Bob’s diaries now add vivid details to the story, albeit frequently from a transatlantic distance. Henry James’s voluminous correspondence includes mentions of the Boits and their children beginning in 1873, his insights often related in letters to their mutual friend Henrietta (Etta) Reubell, unpublished pages now in the collection of Houghton Library at Harvard University. James’s correspondence with Sargent does not survive, and Sargent, unfortunately, seems to have “binned everything as he went along,” in the words of his great-nephew and biographer Richard Ormond.2 Scattered letters from the painter concerning the Boits survive, some of them saved by Bob Boit, who carefully pasted them into his diaries.
And what of the Boit daughters themselves? Did they, like so many other women of their generation, write expansive letters and keep diaries? If they did, they have never been found, and perhaps they never will. “My sisters and I,” confessed Julia Boit in 1960, “had to destroy all old letters + papers when we left Italy after my father’s death - We were selling our property when World War One took place ... we had great difficulty.” She added that their destruction was “a pity ... but when we had to leave our house in Italy we had to leave in a hurry as we were only allowed there for a fortnight owing to the war.”3 The few known photographs of Julia and her sisters have turned up serendipitously in the albums of other family members; there are a handful of letters here and there, but they are only scraps from a richly appointed table.
One important document remains - the painting itself, with its memorable likeness of four young girls dressed in white. In it, the children look as if they were playing some mysterious game. The littlest one, silent and observant, sits in the foreground with her doll. She looks charming, with her straight-cropped bangs, round
