TLNT 3:438. See also Titus 1:8.
69. See also Acts 7:52; 22:14.
70. LSJ, 429; Thayer, 148; TLNT 1:320.
71. Thayer, 167.
72. Xenophon also understands “overseers” to be guardians of the laws . . . commending the law-abiding and punishing law-breakers (Oec. 9.14).
73. See Titus 1:13.
74. God had been opposed (Rom 10:21; Jude 11) and, of course, even Jesus’ own people rejected him (John 1:11).
75. BDAG, 621.
76. Ibid.; Thayer, 392.
77. Eph 4:17; Rom 1:21; 1 Pet 1:18. 2 Pet 2:10–19 describes such a lifestyle as one that indulges in irrational passions of the flesh, such as sexual immorality and greed, and despises authority.
78. Thayer, 393.
79. See also chart 2 Tim 2:16–18, p. 108.
80. E.g., John 7:22–23; Acts 7:8; Rom 2:25—3:1; 4:10–12; 1 Cor 7:19; Gal 5:6, 11; 6:15; Phil 3:4–5.
81. Rom 4:12; Gal 2:7–9; Eph 2:11; Phil 3:3; Col 3:11.
82. Acts 10:45; Rom 3:30; 4:9; Col 4:11.
83. Acts 11:2–3; Gal 2:12–13; 5:2–4; John 18:28–29; m. Tehar. 7.2, 5–6.
84. Acts 11:2–3; 10:12–14; Deut 14:3–21; Gal 2:12–13; Col 2:16; 1 Tim 4:3; Rom 14:14–23; Heb 13:9.
85. E.g., Epictetus, Disc. 1.22.11.
86. Thayer, 243; BDAG, 382; LSJ, 661.
87. Josephus, Ant. 17.10.1 (251). For other examples, see TLNT 2:61–62.
88. Diogenes Laertius 1.10.110–111, 114; Plato, Leg. I.642D–E; Aristotle, Rhet. III.17.10.
89. In Romans, Paul asserts that all humans can learn about God from creation (1:19–21). Even Jesus’ adversary, the high priest Caiaphas, could prophesy accurately about Jesus’ substitutionary death (John 11:49–53). Thus, even nonbelievers can observe truths about Jesus. Christ “enlightens everyone” (John 1:9).
90. LSJ, 995.
91. Lucian repeats this illustration in Sacr. 10.
92. Plato, Leg. I.624A, 630B; Diodorus 5.78. 3.
93. Plato, Leg. I.631B; Polybius, Hist. 6.7.43.1. The Cretans also claimed to have discovered the use of fire and the metals copper and iron, the domestication of sheep, the making of honey, the art of shooting with the bow, the making of swords and helmets, and the war-dance (Diodorus 5.64.5; 65.3–4; 74.5).
94. LSJ, 799.
95. LSJ, 800; 1 Macc 6:35–37; 11:56.
96. E.g., Gen 1:24–25, 30; 7:21; 8:1, 17, 19.
97. Acts 11:6; Lev 11:27; Deut 28:26.
98. Lev 26:6, 22; Deut 7:22; 32:24; Isa 35:9; Ezek 5:17; 14:15; 34:25, 28; 2 Macc 9:15.
99. Judas Maccabeus lived in the mountains feeding on wild herbs as a wild animal might (2 Macc 5:27; 10:6). Some Jewish martyrs were dragged like beasts (3 Macc 4:9).
100. Strabo, Geogr. 10.4.21 (C483–84); Willetts 1965: 116.
101. E.g., 1 Cor 6:9.
102. LSJ, 339
103. Matt 1:18, 23; 24:19; 1 Thess 5:3; Rev 12:2.
104. Two-thirds of the NT uses of hygiainō occur in the Pastoral Letters (four of eight in Titus). 1 Tim 1:10; 6:3; 2 Tim 1:13; 4:3; Titus 1:9, 13; 2:1, 2, 8 (hygiēs).
105. Heb 12:5–6; Rev 3:19; 2 Cor 13:10.
106. See also Gal 6:1–2.
107. LSJ, 1151; TLNT 2:528–33.
108. See, e.g., Titus 1:12–13.
109. TLNT 2:531.
110. Towner 2006: 705.
111. E.g., Lock 1924: 47; Towner 2006: 110; Fee 1988: 41, 211.
112. Josephus, J.W. 2.8 (119–159).
113. O. S. Wintermute, “Jubilees,” OTP 2:43–46.
114.
