Captured Peace. Christine J. Wade

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Trade Union Federation of Salvadoran Workers (Federación Nacional Sindical de Trabajadores Salvadoreños)FESALNational Family Health Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Salud Familiar)FESPADFoundation for the Study of the Application of Law (Fundación de Estudios para la Aplicación del Derecho)FGRPublic Prosecutor’s Office (Fiscalía General de la República)FISDLSocial Investment Fund for Local Development (Fondo Inversión Social para el Desarrollo Local)FLACSOLatin American School of Social Sciences (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales)FMLNFarabundo Martí National Liberation Front (Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional)ForoForum for Economic and Social Consultation (Foro de Concertación Económica y Social)FOSALUDFund for Health Solidarity (Fondo Solidario para la Salud)FPLPopular Forces of Liberation (Fuerzas Populares de Liberación)FUNDENational Foundation for Development (Fundación Nacional para el Desarrollo)FUSADESSalvadoran Foundation for Economic and Social Development (Fundación Salvadoreña para el Desarrollo Económico y Social)GANAGrand Alliance for National Unity (Gran Alianza Nacional)GDRDemocratic Revolutionary Government (Gobierno Democrático Revolucionario)GOESgovernment of El SalvadorGTAAntigang Task Forces (Grupos de Tarea Antipandillas)IACHRInter-American Court of Human RightsIDBInter-American Development BankIDHUCAHuman Rights Institute at the University of Central America (Instituto de Derechos Humanos de la UCA)IIRAIRAIllegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility ActILOInternational Labor OrganizationIMLInstitute of Forensic Medicine (Instituto de Medicina Legal)INAZUCARNational Sugar Institute (Instituto Nacional de Azúcar)INCAFENational Coffee Institute (Instituto Nacional del Café)INSImmigration and Naturalization ServiceISDEMUSalvadoran Institute for the Advancement of Women (Instituto Salvadoreño para el Desarrollo de la Mujer)ISIimport substitution industrializationISSSSalvadoran Social Security Institute (Instituto Salvadoreño del Seguro Social)IUDOPUniversity of Central America Institute for Public Opinion (Instituto Universitario de Opinión Pública Universidad Centroamericana, “José Simeón Cañas”)IVAvalue-added tax (impuesto al valor agregado)JVEElectoral Review Board (Junta de Revisión Electoral)LARARENA League to the Rescue (Liga Arenera al Rescate)MACAuthentic Christian Movement (Movimiento Auténtico Cristiano)MCCMillennium Challenge CorporationMINUSALUnited Nations Mission in El Salvador (Misión de las Naciones Unidas en El Salvador)MIPLANMinistry of Planning and Coordination of Economic and Social Development (Ministerio de Planificación y Coordinación del Desarrollo Económico y Social)MNRNational Revolutionary Movement (Movimiento Nacional Revolucionario)MPR-12Popular Resistance Movement of October 12 (Movimiento Popular de Resistencia 12 de Octubre)MPSCPopular Social Christian Movement (Movimiento Popular Social Cristiana)MS-13Mara SalvatruchaNACLANorth American Congress on Latin AmericaNGOnongovernmental organizationOASFrench Secret Army Organization (Organisation de l’Armée Secrète)ONUCAUnited Nations Observer Group in Central AmericaONUSALUnited Nations Observer Mission in El SalvadorORDENNationalist Democratic Organization (Organización Democrática Nacionalista)PARLACENCentral American Parliament (Parlamento Centroamericano)PCNNational Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional)PCSSalvadoran Communist Party (Partido Comunista de El Salvador)PDDemocratic Party (Partido Democrático)PDCChristian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiana)PDDHNational Counsel for the Defense of Human Rights (Procuraduría para la Defensa de los Derechos Humanos)PESParty of Hope (Partido de la Esperanza)PFGPartnership for GrowthPLDLiberal Democratic Party (Partido Liberal Democráta)PMRReformist Movement Party (Partido Movimiento Renovador)PNNational Police (Policía Nacional)PNCNational Civilian Police (Policía Nacional Civil)PNDNational Democratic Party (Partido Nacional Democrático)PRIInstitutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) (Mexico)PRNNational Reconstruction Plan (Plan de Reconstrucción Nacional)PRTCRevolutionary Party of Central American Workers (Partido Revolucionario de Trabajadores Centroamericanos)PRUDRevolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (Partido Revolucionario de Unificación Democrática)PTTLand Transfer Program (Programa de Transferencia de la Tierra)RNNational Resistance (Resistencia Nacional)RNPNNational Registry of Natural Persons (Registro Nacional de Personas Naturales)SIFSocial Investment Fund (Fondo de Inversión Social)SIMETRISSSMedical Workers Union of the Salvadoran Social Security Institute (Sindicato de Médicos Trabajadores del Instituto Salvadoreño del Seguro Social)SIUSpecial Investigative Unit of the Commission to Investigate Criminal ActsSRNSecretariat for National ReconstructionSRPSocial Rescue PlanSTISSSWorkers’ Union Salvadoran Social Security Institute (Sindicato de Trabajadores del Instituto Salvadoreño del Seguro Social)TPStemporary protected statusTSESupreme Electoral Tribunal (Tribunal Supremo Electoral)TVPAU.S. Torture Victim Protection ActUCAUniversity of Central America (Universidad Centroamericano, “Jose Simeón Cañas”)UDNNationalist Democratic Union (Unión Democráta Nacional)UEAExecutive Anti–Drug Trafficking Unit of the National Police (Unidad Ejecutiva Antinarcotráfico)UESUniversity of El Salvador (Universidad de El Salvador)UNDPUnited Nations Development ProgramUnidosUnited for Solidarity (Unidos por la Solidaridad)UNONational Opposition Union (Unión Oposición Nacional)UNODCUnited Nations Office on Drugs and CrimeUSAIDU.S. Agency for International Development

      Introduction

       Peacebuilding, Elites, and the Problem of Capture

      The population does not value peace as a synonym for progress. Peace for most people does not make sense because it has no social content, or the content lacks justice. The impact of the neoliberal transition of the past fifteen years has laid a foundation for society that trends toward authoritarianism rather than democracy.

      —Salvador Sánchez Cerén, October 2006¹

      ON OCTOBER 15, 1979, a group of junior officers overthrew El Salvador’s military government with the intent of forestalling a revolution. Decades of systematic repression, socioeconomic exclusion, and the collapse of legal political space in the early 1970s had resulted in the mobilization of guerrilla organizations and affiliated social groups that wished to dismantle the existing political and economic order in one of Central America’s most unequal and violent societies. The subsequent juntas, composed of military officers and civilians, had hoped to loosen the military’s grip on the state and the oligarchy’s grip on the economy. The successive juntas failed to achieve the reforms it deemed necessary to prevent the escalation of violence, reforms that threatened the country’s most powerful economic elites. The levels of state violence increased and, by 1980, El Salvador was a country at war with itself.

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