known for its rice production in 1671, was lacking in both cattle and rice only a few decades later following periods of frequent warfare, or so French observations suggest.22
It was into this unsettled world that the pirates arrived and began to cultivate alliances with local leaders who sought to gain access to these new trading opportunities. From their base in eastern Madagascar, the pirates raided both European and Muslim shipping throughout the northern Indian Ocean before returning to the island to regroup.23 By 1697, forty-five of these pirates may have lived on Nosy Boraha, although the EIC could not confirm the exact number.24 Despite linguistic and cultural ties to the European North Atlantic, these itinerants had diverse origins, including England, France, Jamaica, and North America. Many of them were later described as “negro’” or “nègre” by Europeans. The pirate community on Madagascar eventually included retired pirates, ambitious traders, and runaway sailors, all male.25
Конец ознакомительного фрагмента.
Текст предоставлен ООО «ЛитРес».
Прочитайте эту книгу целиком, купив полную легальную версию на ЛитРес.
Безопасно оплатить книгу можно банковской картой Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, со счета мобильного телефона, с платежного терминала, в салоне МТС или Связной, через PayPal, WebMoney, Яндекс.Деньги, QIWI Кошелек, бонусными картами или другим удобным Вам способом.
