finally retired and we entered our “golden years,” stood by as I embarked upon my quest for greater knowledge of military and political history. Next in line is Dr. Jeffrey Herf, who took me under his wing and opened up to me the world of modern European history, especially archival research. His challenge led me on a journey that continues to hold me in awe. Dr. Jon Tetsuro Sumida, a naval historian of renown, made military history more relevant and understandable to me than it had ever been, even after my thirty years of military service, and showed me that it was much more than just generals and battles. He, too, was a most valuable critic and supporter. I also need to thank Dr. Melvyn Leffler for the time he spent with me over a long lunch in Washington, DC, and for the insights he shared regarding US-European policy during the period covered by this book.
Outside of the University of Maryland, where much of my research took place, my thanks go to the archivists of the Modern Military Records Branch, especially Mr. Richard Boylan, and the archivists of the Diplomatic Branch at the National Archives in College Park, Maryland. All of them were instrumental in teaching me how to use the archive’s resources to find those records upon which the majority of this work is based.
Further afield, I must thank Dr. Randy Sowell of the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, who made my short stay very productive, and Dr. Christopher Abraham at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, who prepared my visit and made my research of pertinent records of the president and his advisors both easy and rewarding. Both of these gentlemen were also extremely helpful in answering questions and providing other information long after I departed.
Gary Trogden and James Tobias at the Center for Military History at Fort McNair were extremely helpful at the beginning and end of my research, especially in finding among their holdings several unpublished documents that contributed significantly to the early chapters. Dr. Gabriele Bosch of the Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Potsdam, Germany, was extremely helpful and not only graciously provided me with references to relevant German literature but also sent me copies of hard-to-find German journal articles via post and as e-mail attachments. I also greatly appreciate David Read, archivist at the Soldiers of Gloucestershire Museum, Gloucester, England, for his help in providing me with biographical information on Brigadier T. N. Grazebrook.
I need to thank Dr. Malcolm “Kip” Muir Jr., who encouraged me to enter the VMI Adams Center Cold War Essay contest, and to the judges who found an abridged version of my chapter on Operation Eclipse worthy of an award. I would also like to thank the officers of Phi Gamma Phi, who selected me to receive a Love of Learning grant. This grant gave me a very welcome impetus to venture outside my comfort zone in College Park, Maryland, and continue my research at the Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Libraries.
To both Dr. Mark Mandeles and Harry Yeide, former colleagues, long-time friends, military historians, and authors in their own rights, my gratitude for their thorough reviews and thoughtful comments as I prepared the final manuscript. Last but not least, I extend my sincerest thanks to my very good friend and excellent military historian Dr. Ingo Trauschweitzer, whose scholarly advice, encouragement, and comments on my chapters were invaluable, and who helped me keep my goal in sight.
Acronyms
| AAFCE | Allied Air Forces, Central Europe |
| ACA | Allied Control Authority |
| ACC | Allied Control Council |
| ACS | Assistant Chief of Staff |
| AEAF | Allied Expeditionary Air Forces |
| ANCXF | Allied Naval Expeditionary Forces |
| AOR | Area of Responsibility |
| APG | Advanced Planning Group |
| BTO | Brussels Treaty Organization |
| CCMS | Control Commission, Military Staff |
| CCS | Combined Chiefs of Staff |
| CENTAG | Central Army Group |
| CDU | Christian Democratic Union (West Germany) |
| CFM | Council of Foreign Ministers |
| CINC | Commander in Chief |
| CICEUCOM | Commander in Chief, European Command |
| CINCEUR | Commander in Chief, Europe |
| CJCS | Chief of the Joint Chiefs of Staff |
| COMAAFCE | Commander, Allied Air Forces, Central Europe |
| COMNAVFORGER | Commander, US Naval Forces Germany |
| COS | Chief of Staff |
| COSSAC | Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander |
| DCS | Deputy Chief of Staff |
| EAC | European Advisory Commission |
| EDC | European Defense Community |
| EDC-IC | European Defense Community - Interim Commission |
| EDF | European Defense Force |
| ETOUSA | European Theater of Operations, United States Army |
| EWP | Emergency War Plan |
| FRG | Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) |
| FY | Fiscal Year |
| GSO | General Staff Officer |
| HICOG | High Commissioner for Germany |
| HICOM | High Commission |
| HQ | Headquarters |
| JCS | Joint Chiefs of Staff |
| JSPC | Joint Strategic Planning Committee |
| JSSC | Joint Strategic Survey Committee |
| JWPC | Joint War Planning Committee |
| LANDCENT | Land Forces, Central Europe |
| LSU | Labor Service Unit |
| MAAG | Military Assistance Advisory Group |
| MAP | Military Assistance Program |
| MDAP | Mutual Defense Assistance Program |
| MSB | Military Security Board |
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