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attacked or threatened British traders in the Ohio country, forcing them to withdraw east of the Allegheny Mountains. The following year, Governor Duquesne led twenty-two hundred French soldiers to build a chain of forts from Lake Erie to the Ohio River. The undertaking proved costly in money and lives, but Duquesne and his superiors in the Ministry of Marine (France’s colonial bureaucracy) considered the forts essential to block English expansion and control the upper Ohio valley. For their part, the Ohio Indians initially regarded the French incursion as an opportunity rather than a threat. The previous winter had been a lean one, and the Delawares, Ohio Iroquois, and Shawnees were happy to feed the French soldiers and hire out their horses. This set the new pattern for French-Indian relations in the eastern Lakes country: not a sovereign-subject relationship but a marriage of convenience, which Native Americans would abandon once it became inconvenient.16
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