Increasing positive emotions.
• And finally, two factors necessary for healing on Turner’s list are connected to our physical and energetic body (pranamaya and annamaya koshas):
− Using herbs and supplements
− Radically changing diet.
Some of these findings had already been confirmed earlier by other researchers, who had also looked at the immune system and other factors—for example, moving away from our community and “not belonging” can make us ill and increase our mortality by two to three times.2 Relationships of any sort (good or bad) improve our odds of survival by 50 percent, with the effects of isolation equivalent to smoking 15 cigarettes per day or being an alcoholic, and twice as harmful as being obese.3 Another study4 concluded that the number of groups to which we belong, particularly if we have strong relationships within them, is more vital than any diet or exercise program, and protects us against the worst toxins and greatest adversity.
Sir Martin Brofman postulated that the physical body is influenced by the subtle energy field (emotions and thoughts), which are determined by our consciousness.5 By the same token he suggested that our perception creates our reality. There is no question that today’s scientists and researchers acknowledge the importance of the mind in the health equation. The WHO went even further, defining health as a “state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”6
All of these point to our mind as a source of disturbance and disease. Hence Western scientists assume that there is a problem in the mind. On the other hand, Eastern philosophy states that the mind itself is the core of the problem. Although the healing needs to start with the mind, this is not enough.
It is interesting to see such a correlation between Turner’s findings and ancient Indian wisdom. We may also note that this is totally outside of the traditional medical healthcare paradigm. As we will see, there are more correlations between health, contemporary research, and yoga sciences.
What does research say about yoga?
Right from its inception in 1924, the pioneering Kaivalyadhama Yoga Institute (India) initiated contemporary scientific research on the effects of yoga. In 1924 it also set up the first ever yoga research magazine journal by the name of Yoga-Mīmāṃsā, which is still published today.7 In their first ever laboratory they conducted many leading experiments on yoga, studying its effects on the body’s functioning.
Today, the total body of research is now outside the scope of this book. Suffice to say that a comprehensive analysis of yoga therapy from 1967 to 20138 shows a three-fold increase in the number of publications from 2003 to 2013. Most publications originated from India, followed by the US and Canada. The top four disorders addressed by yoga intervention are: mental health (depression and anxiety), cardiovascular disease (hypertension and heart disease), respiratory disease (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD), and diabetes. The report concluded that the use of yoga as a complementary therapy in clinical practice led to health benefits beyond traditional treatment alone.
Over time researchers have confirmed the importance of asanas but also the effects of yogic breathing techniques, which have beneficial effects for the cardiovascular and autonomic nervous systems,9, 10 and cancer-related fatigue.11 Furthermore, yoga practices are shown to increase heart rate variability and enhance vagal tone while decreasing the sympathetic tone in those with hypertension12 as well as decreasing blood pressure.13 Another review14 postulates that slowing down the breath to six breaths per minute induces rhythms of autonomous physiological functions (heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to the brain) to act in coherence, reinforcing each other, and resulting in better functioning of the immune system, reduction of inflammation, regulation of blood sugar levels, induced calmness and clarity of mind, and a feeling of inner peace.
The following is a summary of some of the benefits of yoga therapy and its physical and psychological effects understood through modern research.
Physiological benefits
• Improved general health, posture, muscle tone, sleep quality, immunity, and pain tolerance.
• Stable autonomic nervous system with better orthostatic tolerance and neuromuscular coordination.
• Increase in alpha rhythm, inter-hemispheric coherence, and homogeneity in the brain.
• Decreased EMG activity.
• Normalized gastrointestinal tract and endocrine function.
• Improved cardiorespiratory efficiency, musculoskeletal flexibility, range of joint movement, physical endurance, strength, and energy levels.
• Decreased heart rate and blood pressure.
• Healthier and safer pregnancy—an increase in birth weight and decrease in preterm labor.
Psychological benefits
• Improved mood and interpersonal relationships.
• Increased subjective wellbeing and self-acceptance.
• Increased somatic and kinesthetic awareness.
• Increase in self-actualization and social adjustment.
• Decreased stress, hostility, irritability, anxiety, and depression.
Cognitive functional benefits
• Improved memory, attention, focus, concentration, depth perception, and learning efficiency.
Biochemical changes after yoga practice
DECREASED
• Glucose
• Sodium
• Cholesterol
• Triglycerides
• LDL
• VLDL
• Catecholamines
• Lipid peroxidation.
INCREASED
• HDL
• ATPase
• Hematocrit
