whether its response is proportionate to the distinctive nature of the terrorist financing phenomenon.
NOTES
1. Earlier versions of some sections of this chapter and chapter 3 were published in the Journal of Money Laundering Control. See Hamed Tofangsaz, “Rethinking Terrorist Financing; Where Does All This Lead?” 2015 18(1) Journal of Money Laundering Control 112.
2. Financial Action Task Force, “Terrorist Financing” (February 29, 2008) <http://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/reports/FATF%20Terrorist%20Financing%20Typologies%20Report.pdf>, p. 7.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. See Jodi Vittori, Terrorist Financing and Resourcing (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2011), p. 13.
6. Ibid.
7. Daniel Byman, Trends in Outside Support for Insurgent Movements (RAND, Santa Monica, 2001), p. 87.
8. Vittori, above n 5, p. 15.
9. See Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (Columbia University Press, New York, 2006).
10. Vittori, above n 5, p. 17.
11. Ibid., p. 18.
12. Kim Cragin and Sara A. Daly, The Dynamic Terrorist Threat: An Assessment of Group Motivations and Capabilities in a Changing World (RAND, Santa Monica, 2004), p. 45.
13. Ibid., p. 47.
14. Ibid., p. 50.
15. Vittori, above n 5, pp. 20–21.
16. Cragin and Daly, above n 12, p. 40.
17. Vittori, above n 5, p. 29. Also see Nikos Passas, “Terrorism Financing Mechanisms and Dilemmas” in Jeanne K. Giraldo and Harold A. Trinkunas (eds) Terrorism Financing and State Responses: A Comparative Perspective (Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 2007), p. 32.
18. Financial Action Task Force, above n 2, p. 15.
19. Ibid.
20. Vittori, above n 5, p. 36.
21. Ilias Bantekas, “International Law of Terrorist Financing” 2003 97(2) American Journal of International Law 315, p. 317.
22. LaVerle Bennette Berry, A Global Overview of Narcotics-Funded Terrorist and Other Extremist Groups: A Report (Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Washington, 2002), p. 52. Also see Ahmed Rashid, Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia (Yale University Press, New Haven, 2002), p. 165.
23. Financial Action Task Force, FATF Report: Financial Flows Linked to the Production and Trafficking of Afghan Opiates (Paris, 2014), p. 42.
24. Vittori, above n 5, p. 36.
25. See United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes, Afghanistan Opium Survey 2016; Cultivation and Production (October 2016).
26. Jonathan P. Caulkins, Jonathan D. Kulick, and Mark A. R. Kleiman, “Think Again: The Afghan Drug Trade” 2011 Foreign Policy.
27. Vittori, above n 5, p. 38.
28. Peter L. Bergen, The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al-Qaeda’s Leader (Free Press, New York, 2006), p. 10. Also see Steve Kiser, Financing Terror: An Analysis and Simulation for Affecting Al Qaeda’s Financial Infrastructure (PhD thesis submitted to Pardee Rand Graduate School, Santa Monica, 2005), p. 35.
29. See Monte Palmer and Princess Palmer, At the Heart of Terror: Islam, Jihadists, and America’s War on Terrorism (Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, MD, 2004), p. 184. Or see Jimmy Gurulé, Unfunding Terror: The Legal Response to the Financing of Global Terrorism (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2008), p. 121.
30. See Byman, above n 7, p. 57.
31. Financial Action Task Force, above n 2, p. 11.
32. Ibid., p. 12.
33. Ibid.
34. Vittori, above n 5, p. 40.
35. Jessica Stern, Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill (Ecco, New York, 2003), p. 273.
36. Financial Action Task Force, Report on Money Laundering Typologies 2002–2003 (Paris, February 14, 2003) p. 9. See also Vittori, above n 5, p. 42.
37. Jae-Myong Koh, Suppressing Terrorist Financing and Money Laundering (Springer, Berlin, 2006), p. 22.
38. Roland Jacquard, In the Name of Osama bin Laden: Global Terrorism and the bin Laden Brotherhood (Duke University Press, Durham, 2002), p. 128.
39. Simon Reeve, The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama bin Laden and the Future of Terrorism (Northeastern University Press, Boston, 1999), p. 178.
40. Financial Action Task Force, above n 2, p. 14.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. Koh, above n 37, p. 24.
44. Ibid.
45. Phil Williams, “Warning Indicators, Terrorist Finances, and Terrorist Adaptation” 2005 IV(1) Strategic Insights, p. 2.
46. Financial Action Task Force, above n 2, p. 21.
47. Martin Runder, “Hizbullah Terrorism Finance: Fund-Raising and Money-Laundering” 2010 33(8) Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 700, p. 706.
48. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, Thomas H. Kean and Lee Hamilton, The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, Washington, 2004), pp. 245–254.
49. Kiser, above n 28, p. 86.
50. Vittori, above n 5, p. 45. See also Mohammed El Qorchi, Samuel Munzele Maimbo, and John F. Wilson, Informal Funds Transfer Systems: An Analysis of the Informal Hawala System (International Monetary Fund, Washington, 2003), p. 6.
51. Kiser, above n 28, p. 90.
52. Dixon Hughes Goodman Risk Advisory, “Understanding Informal Value Transfer System” (June 2015), <https://m.dhgllp.com/Portals/4/ResourceMedia/publications/DHG_Views_RAS_IVTS.pdf>.
53. Financial Action Task Force, above n 2, p. 24.
54. Vittori, above n 5, p. 46.
55. Passas, above n 17, p. 29.
56. Kiser, above n 28, p. 91.
57. Koh, above n 37, p. 30.
58. Douglas Farah, Blood From Stones: The Secret Financial Network of Terror (1st ed., Broadway Books, New York, 2004), pp. 23, 47, and 55.
59. Douglas Farah, “The Use of Gold, Diamonds and Other Commodities in Terrorist Finances”
