Individuals diagnosed with a mental disorder are twice as likely to abuse or become dependent on alcohol in their lifetime, and are four times as likely to abuse or become dependent on a drug in their lifetime.16
People with an existing mental disorder may turn to drugs or alcohol to help them cope with their disorder.6 This is often referred to as self-medicating.6 However, the intoxication effects, long-term use effects, and withdrawal symptoms of a drug can mimic symptoms of mental disorders.16 Therefore, when a person has a substance-related disorder and a mental disorder, it can be likened to the age-old question of “which came first, the chicken or the egg?” Researchers have found support for both scenarios – that an existing mental disorder increases one’s risk of developing a substance-related disorder (table 1), and that substance-related disorders can create certain mental disorder symptoms (table 2). 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8-11, 14, 16-18
Part One References
1.American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
2.Bizzarri, J. V., Rucci, P., Sbrana, A., Gonnelli, C., Massei, G. J., Ravani, L., Girelli, M., Dell’Osso, L., & Cassano, G. B. (2007). Reasons for substance use and vulnerability factors in patients with substance use disorder and anxiety or mood disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 384–391.
3.Bradizza, C. M., Stasiewicz, P. R., & Paas, N. D. (2006). Relapse to alcohol and drug use among individuals diagnosed with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 162–178.
4.Durand, M.V., & Barlow, D.H. (2003). Essentials of abnormal psychology (3rd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth-Thomson Learning.
5.Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P. Ruan, W. J. & Pickering, R. P. (2004). Co-occurrence of 12-month alcohol and drug use disorders and personality disorders in the United States: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 361–368.
6.Khantzian, E. J. (1997). The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 4, 231–244.
7.Koob, G.F. (2008). A role for brain stress systems in addiction. Neuron, 59, 11-34.
8.Lee, S. S., Humphreys, K. L., Flory, K., Liu, R., & Glass. K. (2011). Prospective association of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use and abuse/dependence: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 328–341.
9.Lingford-Hughes, A. & Clementi, N. (2008). Addiction and substance misuse. Medicine, 36, 422–429.
10.McCreadie, R.G. (2002). Use of drugs, alcohol and tobacco by people with schizophrenia: Case-control study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 321–325.
11.Menary, K. R., Kushner, M. G., Maurer, E., & Thuras, P. (2011). The prevalence and clinical implications of self-medication among individuals with anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 355–339.
12.Miller, G. (2005). Learning the language of addiction counseling (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
13.National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2010). Drugs, brain, and behavior: The science of addiction. Retrieved from http://www.nida.nih.gov/scienceofaddiction/addiction.html
14.Pulay, A. J., Stinson, F. S., Ruan, W. J., Smith, S. M., Pickering, R. P., Dawson, D. A., & Grant, B. F. (2010). The relationship of DSM-IV personality disorders to nicotine dependence: Results from a national survey. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 108, 141–145.
15.Sinha, R., Talih, M., Malison, R., Cooney, N., Anderson, G. M., & Kreek, M. J. (2003). Hypothalamic-pituitaty-adrenal axis and sympatho-adreno-medullary responses during stress-induced and drug cue-induced cocaine craving states. Psychopharmacology, 170, 62-72.
16.Tapert, S.F., Tate, S.R., & Brown, S.A. (2001). Substance abuse: An overview. In Stuker, P.B & Adams, H.E. (Eds.). Comprehensive handbook of psychopathology (3rd ed.) (pp. 559–594). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
17.Tomlinson, K. L., Tate, S. R., Anderson, K. G., McCarthy, D. M., & Brown, S. A. (2006). An examination of self-medication and rebound effects: Psychiatric symptomatology before and after alcohol or drug relapse. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 461–474.
18.Wilens, T. E., Martelon, M., Joshi, G., Bateman, C., Fried, R., Petty, C., & Biederman, J. (2011). Does ADHD predict substance-use disorders? A 10-year follow-up study of young adults with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50, 543–553.
Конец ознакомительного фрагмента.
Текст предоставлен ООО «ЛитРес».
Прочитайте эту книгу целиком, купив полную легальную версию на ЛитРес.
Безопасно оплатить книгу можно банковской картой Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, со счета мобильного телефона, с платежного терминала, в салоне МТС или Связной, через PayPal, WebMoney, Яндекс.Деньги, QIWI Кошелек, бонусными картами или другим удобным Вам способом.
