British. The following, documented in `Spanish Trinidad' by Carlton Ottley, confirms this:
"The only road on the island which was wide enough to be called a carriage road connected Port of Spain with St. Joseph, the ancient capital, and ran over the Laventille Hills in an easterly direction, passing through `John John' and upper Laventille, then after skirting the mangrove swamp at the base of the hill, went through 'movant' into San Juan and ended in St. Joseph."1
"Sir Walter Raleigh was bent on avenging the death of his faithful lieutenant Whiddon, whose destruction deBerrior had plotted. Led by the Indians, Raleigh and the soldiers marched over the Laventille Heights, passed through the Indian settlements that dotted the trail, and in this manner, arrived at San Jose, the capital made of trash houses and mud ajoupas."2 "A bridle road running over the Laventille Hills connected the town with St. Joseph."3
From these accounts, it is obvious that the Laventille Hills were a strategic area in the development and defense of the ancient and present capital. One of the most significant marks of the country's defense is a circular fort some thirty feet high, constructed by Governor Picton to ward off invasion. It contained a secret entrance which was connected to the fort by a tunnel. The people called it "Picton's Folley." The fort still stands today as a tourist attraction.
Since those early days the community of Laventille has expanded and developed into an "urban slum area in Port of Spain."4 The people of this community suffered from the hardships of poverty, unemployment and social stigma. They have been labeled hooligans, violent and illiterate. The people of Laventille have been degraded and rejected by the ruling and upper classes in the society. In a word, they have been ostracized from the Trinidadian society.
As a result of this degradation, the people of Laventille also suffered from a negative self-image, and a lack of motivation which prevented them from utilizing opportunities if presented for self improvement.
Low wages and chronic unemployment created poor housing conditions, crowding, and a low level of literacy and education. The lack of effective participation and integration of these people in the major institutions isolated them from the larger society.
In the period between 1955 and 1965 the `steelband; a form of musical art, came into full focus in the Laventille community. The progressive improvement of this new art in this community created a new era in the history of steelband music. Rapid social changes occurred which revolutionized the community and attracted national attention. This new sound in music, originating from this underprivileged, poverty-stricken community, was the signal of hope for the unemployed, destitute and stigmatized population. The 'ugly duckling', so heartily despised by the establishment, had turned into a swan and a source of fierce national pride.
As a member of this community who had experienced the full impact of the changes that took place, I observed that the social ills in the community were completely ignored by the Government in power. Most families were experiencing the most severe effects of poverty. Violence was a mark of frustration for the majority of young people, and the community was labelled as the worst in the country.
I also observed that the growth and success of the steelband had become a catalyst in the community. It seemed to be the only inspiration and motivating force. It was through these observations this study was undertaken. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether the growth and modernization of the steelband was really the true catalyst for the changes that took place in the community of Laventille within the period 1950 to 1965.
The search for literary works on the community proved futile. To date, nothing has been written specifically. This community was only mentioned in other works done on the country as a whole. However, I reviewed the entire history of the country, including the steelband and related subjects. This was done to gain a broader perspective and better understanding of the topic. Incorporated in this study are the following features:
1.A brief description of the community under study.
2.A historical perspective of the community depicting indigenous people, class structure, religion and socio-economic changes.
3.A description of technique and research methods used for collecting data.
4.An assessment of poverty, violence and social stigma in the community.
5.A historical and analytic discussion of the steelband.
6.The social impact of the steelband in Laventille and entire community.
Data for the study was gathered from the following sources:
1.Informal Survey
Interviews in the form of casual conversations from members of the community and members of other communities.
2.Formal Survey
Non random sample comprised of interviews with selected families and steelband members.
3.Historical literary works on Trinidad and Tobago.
4.Magazines, reports and booklets on Trinidad and Tobago, and the steelband.
5.Reports from the Servol organization based in the community.
6.My personal observation as a member of the community.
CHAPTER TWO
Researching The Community
THE COMMUNITY UNDER STUDY
Geographical Boundaries
Because of its unique location and physical structure, the geographical boundaries of Laventille are difficult to define and, at times, the subject of controversy.
According to a report dated 1970, it is difficult to define the geographical area of this community. The report also outlined that "there was no such thing as the Laventille area."5 The report reasoned that certain common features which normally define a community do not exist within the geographical boundaries that demarcate Laventille. Instead, the area had divided itself into a series of small pockets which operate as entities.6 These pocket-areas were formerly associated with different steelbands.7 A rough division of these pocket-areas are identified and defined as follows:
| Pocket areas within Laventille | |
| Pocket Area 1. | Picton Road to Plaisance |
| Pocket Area 2. | Plaisance to Foster Street, St. Joseph Road to Besson Street along Picadilly Street to South Quay to Flyover. |
| Pocket Area 3. | Eastern Quarry area. |
| Pocket Area 4. | Southwest area of the East Dry River from Beetham Highway |
| Pocket Area 5. | Shanty Town area (near Flyover). |
|
Pocket Area 6.
| |
