Militarizing Marriage. Sarah J. Zimmerman

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to the red shawls that the participants wore. These women and men sought to violently remove foreigners and foreign influence from Madagascar.

      The French inadvertently bolstered the number of Madagascans participating in the Menalamba uprising by abolishing slavery in August 1896. This decree occurred in tandem with the formal designation of Madagascar as a French colony. The estimated number of slaves in Madagascar at the moment of emancipation varies from five hundred thousand to one million slaves—on an island with a population of two and a half million.³⁸ The French fueled social chaos in Madagascar by untethering at least 20 percent of the islands’ residents from their former masters and the Merina state. Former slaves joined the ongoing uprising in order to survive without their former patrons.³⁹ As the numbers of Menalamba participants grew, the nascent French colony responded by consolidating military and civilian power in the hands of recently promoted General Joseph-Simon Gallieni.

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