down the many needed photographs.
So, read on about these remarkable individuals and revisit their films. They have imparted valuable information about the profession, the films, and the considerations of pursuing a career in editing. An editor’s responsibility is not, as many have thought, “to cut out the bad parts”, but to form and shape the material according to the director’s vision in support of the story. Editing is based on decisions—hundreds, thousands—and everything you see and hear has a decision behind it.
At the time of this writing, the editors who are interviewed in this book have been involved in films that have won a staggering 360 Academy Awards and received an additional 785 nominations!
Finally, imagine you have two million feet of film (or the digital equivalent!) and you must create a two-hour finished product. You’re starting with over 370 hours of material. Layer in the realities of a release date that barrels down at you like a freight train coming down the track. Add in a $30 million marketing budget. And a myriad of other issues and multiple constituents whose input must be processed. Editing is a wonderful craft, and it is my hope that you will enjoy hearing about it directly from those who are masters.
Thomas A. Ohanian
July 2018
A Brief History of Motion Picture Editing
Traditionally, for theatrical motion pictures, footage was captured on film. For television, footage was captured on either film or videotape. Eventually, of course, technological developments and improvements changed these workflows. Content for theatrical films can be acquired on film, videotape, or digital. Camera sensor technologies have and will continue to improve to the point that there will be no difference between film and digital acquisition. All of these changes are well documented in those countless resources. To keep this section somewhat brief, I have glossed over the specifics of the editorial process, but what is included herein is sufficient for a better understanding of the interviews.
Structurally, film “editing” was first done without actually physically cutting the film. The term, “editing in the camera” meant that in whatever order the final images were desired, they would have to be shot in exactly that order. In other words, you had to plan the shots that would be photographed in their final order. For example, actor “Ace” sees an apple, takes a bite, and his wife “Sue” reacts. First, Ace would be filmed. Then the shot of the apple. Then the shot of Ace taking the bite. Then the shot of Sue reacting. The film would then be developed (now you could see the film’s negative) and then printed to a positive (read: workprint) which resulted in a viewable image. That film was projected, and you would see the shots in the same order that they were filmed: 1. Ace, 2. Apple, 3. Ace bites the apple, 4. Sue reacts.
If any of the shots were too short or too long, so be it. They were shot that way and for that length. But if the shot of Sue was what we wanted to see first, how could that be accomplished? The answer is physically cutting the film. The four individual shots would be cut out of the printed film roll. Now, we would have four strips of film, each at the exact length they were when they were shot. At that point, we could rearrange the shots in any order that we desired.
Ah, but not so fast… What order should we choose for the shots? We have four of them. Those four shots yield 24 possible permutations:
1: 1 2 3 4; 2: 1 2 4 3; 3: 1 3 2 4; 4: 1 4 2 3; 5: 1 3 4 2; 6: 1 4 3 2; 7: 2 1 3 4; 8: 2 1 4 3; 9: 3 1 2 4; 10: 4 1 2 3; 11: 3 1 4 2; 12: 4 1 3 2; 13: 2 3 1 4; 14: 2 4 1 3; 15: 3 2 1 4; 16: 4 2 1 3; 17: 3 4 1 2; 18: 4 3 1 2; 19: 2 3 4 1; 20: 2 4 3 1; 21: 3 2 4 1; 22: 4 2 3 1; 23: 3 4 2 1; 24: 4 3 2 1
And that is just four shots. What about eight shots? Now there are 40,320 possible combinations. And what happens when the director has decided to do three takes of each shot? While we still have eight shots, we now have three choices for each of those shots.
Splicing film involved joining the film strips together using a liquid referred to as film cement or film glue. A small section of emulsion of both shots to be spliced together would be slightly scraped in order to make the “cement” adhere to the film workprint. Film cement was eventually supplanted by tape splicing where adhesive tape was used to join both film ends. A film splicer—known as a guillotine splicer—was used to cut the film. A piece of film would be laid into this metal guillotine splicer and a razor blade affixed to the vertical arm would be pressed down, cutting the strand of film into two pieces. At that point, two different film strands could then be spliced together, affixed with tape.
Obviously, cutting the film then led to not only the reordering of the different film shots, but also to be able to adjust the length of the shots.
The Magnasync Moviola from the 1960’s. Film viewer on the right and the two magnetic tracks (audio) on the left.
A two-picture head playback flatbed film editing system, particularly useful for A and B (two camera) scene coverage.
The film synchronizer is used to keep reels of film in synchronization with other reels. Picture and audio track(s) with common starts are thus kept in sync. Any change to the length of any track (shortening or lengthening) will result in the audio to picture synchronization being affected.
Videotape Editing
In 1956, Ampex, a U.S.-based company introduced a videotape recorder. Videotape editing was similar to film editing in that the videotape was actually cut. The recorded track could not be seen with the human eye. By applying a liquid to the videotape, the recorded tracks became visible. The videotape would then be cut in the same manner as film, but the joining of two pieces had to be done quite precisely. A solution was applied to the videotape, a microscope was used to see the tracks, and then they were aligned while being held in the splicing block, and then spliced together.
The Manual Splicing Jig from Ampex Corporation. Note the arrow indicating placement of the editing pulse.
Over time, the editing of videotape transitioned to electronically re-recording segments. Videotape was no longer cut and spliced. Instead, most often using the original source recordings, shot by shot was re-recorded onto a new videotape, creating the desired final sequence. While this became easier than physically cutting the videotape, the process was now linear—any change in the recorded sequence could not easily be undone—or reordered. Instead, the changes would have to be re-recorded due to the now linear process.
In other words, let’s say that you started to put together your program in this order:
Shot A then Shot B then Shot C
And then, you wanted to switch the order to:
Shot A then Shot C then Shot B
With electronic videotape recording, recall that videotape is no longer physically cut. As a result, the master tape (which has the re-recordings of the original tape), would be wound back to the end of Shot A (since that shot is not changing its position). At that point, Shot C would be recorded at the spot where the previously recorded Shot B had been and at the point where Shot C ends, Shot B would then be recorded. It is this “recording over” process that is necessary with linear, electronic videotape
