tion>ST. PAUL THE TRAVELLER
AND
THE ROMAN CITIZEN
THE MORGAN LECTURES FOR 1894
IN THE
AUBURN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY
AND
MANSFIELD COLLEGE LECTURES, 1895
ST. PAUL THE TRAVELLER
AND
THE ROMAN CITIZEN
BY
W.M. RAMSAY, D.C.L., LL.D.
PROFESSOR OF THE HUMANITY, ABERDEEN
ORD. MITGLIED D. KAIS. DEUTSCH. ARCHÄOLOG. GESELLSCH. 1884
HON. MEMBER, ATHENIAN ARCHÆOLOG. SOC., 1895; FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF CLASSICAL
ARCHÆOLOGY AND FELLOW OF EXETER AND OF LINCOLN COLLEGE, OXFORD
LEVERING LECTURER IN JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, 1894
London
HODDER AND STOUGHTON
27 PATERNOSTER ROW
MDCCCXCV
THE MORGAN LECTURES
(Through the liberality of Mr. Henry A. Morgan, Aurora, N.Y.j.
In the Theological Seminary of Auburn in the State of
New York, 1894.
ST. PAUL AS A TRAVELLER.
_________
MANSFIELD COLLEGE LECTURES, 1895.
ST. PAUL AS A CITIZEN OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
To
ANDREW MITCHELL, Esq.,
THE WALK HOUSE, ALLOA
My Dear Uncle,
In my undergraduate days, a residence in Göttingen during the Long Vacation of 1874 was a critical point in my life. Then for the first time, under the tuition of Professor THEODORE BENFEY, I came into close relations with a great scholar of the modern type, and gained some insight into modern methods of literary investigation; and my thoughts have ever since turned towards the border lands between European and Asiatic civilisation. That visit, like many other things, I owe to you; and now I send you the result, such as it is, the best that I can do, asking that you will allow it to go forth with your name attached to it.
I remain always, your affectionate nephew
WILLIAM MITCHELL RAMSAY:
King s Colleye, Aberdeen,
17th September, 1895.
PREFACE.
WHEN I was honoured by the invitation of Auburn Theological Seminary, I referred the matter to my friends, Dr. Fairbairn and Dr. Sanday, who knew what were my circumstances and other duties. On their advice the invitation was accepted; and it included the condition that the lectures must be published. In revising the printed sheets I have felt strongly the imperfections of the exposition; but I can feel no doubt about the facts themselves, which seem to stand out so clear and distance, that one has only to look and write. Hence I have not withdrawn from any of the positions maintained in my Church in the Roman Empire before 170 (apart from incidental imperfections). The present work is founded on the results for which evidence is there accumulated; but, in place of its neutral tone, a definite theory about the composition of Acts is
viii Preface.
here maintained (see p.383 f.). Many references were made, at first, to pages of that work, and of my Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia (1895), where views here assumed were explained and defended; but they had an egotistic appearance, and, on the advice of a valued friend, have been cut out from the proof-sheets.
I use in Acts the canons of interpretation which I have learned from many teachers (beyond all others from Mommsen) to apply to history; and I have looked at Paul and Luke as men among men. My aim has been to state the facts of Paul’s life simply, avoiding argument and controversy so far as was possible in a subject where every point is controverted. I have sometimes thought of a supplementary volume of Elucidations of Early Christian History, in which reasons should be stated more fully.1
It is impossible to find anything to say about Acts that has not been said before by somebody.
1 Articles in The Expositor, Apr.-Aug., 1895 (P art of my Auburn material, excluded by the plan of this book) have that object ; also two articles, Sept. and Oct.
Preface. ix
Doubtless almost everything I have to say might be supported by some quotation. But if a history of opinion about Acts had been desired, I should not have been applied to. Where I was conscious of having learned any special point from any special scholar I have mentioned his name; but that, of course does not exhaust half my debt. The interpretation of one of the great ancient authors is a long slow growth; one is not conscious where he learned most of his ideas; and, if he were, their genesis is a matter of no interest or value to others. Not merely the writers quoted, but also Schürer, Meyer-Wendt, Zöckler, Holtzmann, Clemen, Spitta, Zeller, Everett, Paley, Page, and many others, have taught me; and I thankfully acknowledge my debt. But specially Lightfoot, Lewin’s Fatsi Sacri, and the two greatest editors of Acts, Wetstein and Blass, have been constant companions.
Discussions with my wife, and with my friends, Professor W. P. Paterson, Rev. A. F. Findlay, and above all, Prof. Rendel Harris, have cleared my ideas on many points, beyond what can be distinctly specified. The book has been greatly improved
x Preface.
by criticisms from Prof. Rendel Harris, and by many notes and suggestions from Rev. A. C. Headlam, which were of great value to me. Mr. A. Souter, Caius College, Cambridge, has aided me in many ways, and especially by compiling Index I. But it would be vain to try to enumerate all my obligations to many friends.
I wish to mention two facts about the genesis of my studies in this subject: (1) Dr. Fairbairn proposed to me the subject of “St. Paul as a Citizen” long ago; and I long shrank from it as too great and too difficult; (2) Dr. Robertson Nicoll (mindful of early acquaintance in Aberdeen) urged me in 1884 to write, and gave me no peace, until I published a first article,Expositor, Oct., 1888.
An apology is due for the variations, often harsh, from the familiar translation of Acts; but a little insertion or change often saved a paragraph.
Preface. xi
Lectures which I had the honour to give before the Harvard University, Johns Hopkins University (the Levering Lectures), and Union Seminary, New York, are worked up in this volume.
KING'S COLLEGE
