Spiritual Mobilization
3 Mutilated Womb, Violated Motherhood: Mary Turner and Meta Warrick Fuller’s Sculptural Protest
The Doom of the Womb in American Slavery
Slave Mothers’ Resilience against White Patriarchy
Maternalism and Anti-lynching in Progressive America
Mary Turner and the Maternal Protest in Art
4 Performing Savagery and Civility: The Subversive Nudity of Josephine Baker
Quasi-Slavery in Progressive America
American and French Attitudes toward Female Nudity
Baker’s (De)Colonizing Body in French Cinema
Baker’s Nudity for the American Body Politic
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Figure 1.1. “Madame C. J. Walker” (advertisement). Richmond Planet, December 19, 1908. Chronicling America, Library of Congress (advertisement) (accessed May 31, 2019).
Figure 1.2. “A Million Eyes Turned Upon It Daily: Madam C. J. Walker’s Wonderful Hair Grower” (advertisement). Crisis 18, no. 6 (1919): 323. https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/civil-rights/crisis/1000-crisis-v18n06-w108.pdf (accessed May 31, 2019).
Figure 1.3. Madame C. J. Walker Building (National Historic Landmark, 1991), Indianapolis, USA. Private Collection.
Figure 2.1. “Coming to Pittsburgh: Madame E. Azalia Hackley, soprano; Retiring Song Recital and Demonstration on Voice Culture” (advertisement). Pittsburgh Courier (Pittsburgh, PA), June 14, 1912. https://www.newspapers.com/image/33456657/ (accessed May 24, 2019).
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Figure 2.2. “Madam E. Azalia Hackley: The Greatest Queen of Song, of the Afro-American Race, Who Has Won Fame Throughout Europe and America.” Broad Ax (Salt Lake, UT), December 31, 1910. Chronicling America, Library of Congress. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84024055/1910-12-31/ed-1/seq-5/ (accessed May 24, 2019).
Figure 3.1. Portrait of Meta Warrick Fuller. Courtesy of Dr. John L. Fuller, Trustee, The Meta Fuller Legacy.
Figure 3.2. In Memory of Mary Turner: As a Silent Protest Against Mob Violence (1919). Sculpture created by Meta Warrick Fuller. Courtesy of Dr. John L. Fuller, Trustee, The Meta Fuller Legacy. Museum of African American History, Boston and Nantucket, Massachusetts, USA.
Figure 3.3. Meta Warrick Fuller to the African American History, January 29, 1967. Courtesy of Dr. John L. Fuller, trustee, the Meta Fuller Legacy. ©Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, The New York Public Library.
Figure 4.1. Photograph of Josephine Baker (1920s) as published in souvenir program for Tribute to Josephine Baker, sponsored by The Variety Club of New York. Waverly. Josephine Baker Collection of Clippings, 1927–1994. Billy Rose Theatre Division, The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.
Figure 4.2. Cover of the playbill for the stage production, Josephine Baker at the Prince Edward Theatre. 1933. Josephine Baker Collection of Clippings, 1927–1994. Billy Rose Theatre Division, The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.
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I could not imagine publishing a book of my own when I entered into a Ph.D. course at the University of Tsukuba, Japan, four years ago just after failing to gain a thesis-based Ph.D. degree: I could not find my way out. This book is, in fact, the third dissertation-length thesis I have written in the past 20 years. Decades ago, I submitted a 200-page thesis just to finish a Ph.D. course (without being granted a degree), which took me four years. The thesis was about the family and community in Toni Morrison’s early works. Working as a college instructor, I wrote the second, which took me seven years to finish. It reviewed motherhood in women’s antebellum slave narratives. After I failed to gain the degree with that endeavor, I decided, this time, to enroll in a Ph.D. course again. Working as a full-time instructor, I started a new project at Tsukuba in 2015. I was nervous about studying alongside much younger students. The only goal I set on that first day at Tsukuba was to hone my academic research skills under the guidance of distinguished professors.
The four years at Tsukuba turned out to be more wonderful than I had expected. In a huge, rural—yet also very international—campus at the foot of Mt. Tsukuba, I spent an incredible time—the most exciting, inspiring, and fruitful time that I had ever experienced in my academic career. I am very much indebted to my advisor, Etsuko Taketani, whose expertise thrilled me whenever ←xi | xii→I visited her. She taught me the academic skills necessary for conducting research and writing a dissertation—the same skills she has mastered through her own research. During meetings in her office, she provided me with new insights about my writing without tearing my confidence to shreds and succinctly yet passionately explained how and why my writing had failed. Sometimes, I was too excited to go home, and I found myself studying at the university library late at night to improve my dissertation, remembering her comments one by one. Under her excellent guidance and continuous encouragement, I found that my dissertation was nearly finished in just over three years.
I also could not be more grateful to the three advisors on my dissertation committee, who have earnestly advised and devotedly mentored me throughout the examination process: Motoko Nakada, Kiyoko Magome, and Anne McKnight. They read my dissertation and provided me with feedback before the end of the summer break, which made it possible for me to make revisions before
