Pull data together as categories emerge.
4. Think about links between categories.
5. Construct theoretical models based on the links.
6. Present the results using exemplars.
Following these steps, you begin with whatever set of data or information you want to analyze. This information will most likely be of a qualitative nature. Identifying potential themes in your data can be done by hand or with the help of a qualitative data analysis program. As you sift through the data, certain words or phrases will begin to emerge consistently. You can then use the themes that you identify to develop a coding scheme (see Strauss and Corbin 1997) to complete the analysis of the themes. Step 3 calls for grouping, or categorizing, your information. In essence, you look for similarities, differences, and repetitions that occur in what has been stated. This is an iterative process that evolves as you analyze the data using your own specific coding process. (For more specifics on coding your data, see Dey 1999.)
Step 4 calls for thinking about the links between the grouped categories that you have seen emerge. This is akin to developing a conceptual framework or model. (See the section “Stages of sociospatial research for deductive research,” step 5.) This leads to the next natural step, which is to construct a theoretical model based on the links that you observed. This is your best model of the relationships that you saw emerge between themes that you identified in the data. Finally, in step 6, you present the data using exemplars. These are nothing more than quotations or snippets from the data that illustrate the themes, concepts, or relationships that you are discussing. You can think of exemplars as examples (shared words, quotes, etc.) of concepts or themes that emerge from the data analysis process.
Sociospatial grounded theory using GIS
To date, GIS has rarely been incorporated into analyses that explicitly use grounded theory. We believe that the spatial information GIS provides can be an important additional component to research that adopts an inductive approach. The visual patterns in spatial data can prove a powerful indicator when you are exploring emergent themes drawn from existing data to develop theory. We have devised a series of steps that you can follow when using GIS as part of this approach to social research:
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