Galen on Apodictics. Dmitry A. Balalykin

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Galen on Apodictics - Dmitry A. Balalykin

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“empirical” method of studying nature, in contrast to the “experimental” method inherent in modern science. This thesis is generally illustrated by examples from the history of physics and, sometimes, mathematics.

      J. Longrigg asserted the incomprehensible differences, comparing medical schools of antiquity. He linked only very definite theories with later history of medicine. In the last decades of 20th century the concept of “ancient Greek rational medicine”, which denoted precisely this direction, was firmly established in historiography.

      The availability of sources that allow making an impression about the development of ancient medicine after Hippocrates leaves much to be desired. It is with this that I associate the fact that in modern scholarly literature there is a tendency to consider hippocratics-rationalists and, for example, doctors-empiricist, equivalent historical phenomena. The connection between clinical practice and philosophical theory in the teachings of various medical schools is often misunderstood, their mutual exclusivity is sometimes underestimated. The main sources containing information about antiquity medicine from the 3rd century BC and later, are the works of Galen: 111 out of more than 500 reached us. However, fewer than half were translated into English, fewer than 30 texts into Russian.

      T. Kuhn notes that the concept of “incommensurability” in respect to the theory of science should be interpreted metaphorically. This means that “no common measure” should mean “no common language”, which essentially does not entail incomparability as well. Most of the terms and concepts can be interpreted in the same manner in “old” and “new” theories, i.e., their original meaning is retained. It is only for a very small group of terms that the problem of translation arises, and all of this, to my point of view, can be considered “partial commensurability”.

      What did Galen mean by the term “a fit of apoplexy”? In one of his works, he defined apoplexy as a state when there is simultaneous loss of sensation and motor functions. The definitions and descriptions of this disease may differ in his various works, but this difference can be reduced to a common denominator. Apoplexy is characterised by the following symptoms: abrupt manifestation of disease, comatose state, violation of motor functions of the entire body, simultaneous loss of sensation, shallow breath, weak, slow pulse, violation of speech function, chronic disease progression. This often has a fatal outcome. The addition of fever to the above-described symptoms may

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