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Figure 8: Examples of the bending strength variations according to the dept profile of the weathered and “virgin” sandstone samples.
Figure 9: Comparison of mean pore size before and after consolidation.
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Figure 10: Consolidation impact on the stone porosity.
Figure 11: Hydric dilatation after Funcosil 300 treatment on the first two plates under the treated surface – αH in μm/m.
It is seen in Figure 8 that the bending strength of the inner layers of the weathered stone is higher than that of the virgin material. Here must be taken into account that the weathered layers might have some consolidation history, which is not exactly known but could increase the strength of the original material in the near-surface layers.
The weathering with subsurface deposits, as well as the consolidation, decreases the volume of pores especially by filling the small pores which reflect in an increase of the mean pore size value. The value of porosity changes can be studied on Figure 10.
From the other test results, the hydric dilation changes are interesting. Figure 11 shows a series of results of hydric dilation measurements on the surface and the first subsurface layers of the weathered stones. At the same time, the effect of sandblasting cleaning has been investigated.
In Figure 11 the dark blue denotes the weathered uncleaned material, the light blue the material which was sandblasted.
It is apparent that the cleaning of the stone surface significantly reduced hydric dilatation up to 5 mm depth. Probably some effect of packing during blasting may be the reason.
In depths from 5–10 mm (second plate), the hydric dilatation is more affected by a consolidation agent.
Conclusion
The tests were required by restorers before planning a rather massive conservation campaign on the Charles bridge in Prague – one of the most important stones Gothic structure. The results achieved helped to make an appropriate choice of consolidation agent, to decide about necessity and type of surface cleaning, to be prepared for a selection of an appropriate stone in cases of replacement needs and to assess intervention impacts. It enhanced the overall design of restoration interventions.
Acknowledgements
The paper is based on the results of research supported by the institutional project RVO 68378297. The authors acknowledge experimental support of E. Čechová, A. Zeman, J. Valach and professional advice of J. Novotný.
88References
Drdácký, M. F., Slížková, Z. Performance of glauconitic sandstone treated with ethylsilicate consolidation agents, In Proc. of the 11th Int. Congr. on Stone, Vol. 2. Toruń; 2008. pp.1205–1212.
Sasse, H. R., Snethlage, R. Evaluation of stone consolidation treatments. Science and Technology for Cultural Heritage. 1996;5(1):85–92.
Table 1: Annex. Sorption characteristics of the tested sandstones.
89
THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF BUILDING SANDSTONE: LABORATORY HEATING EXPERIMENTS VS. REAL FIRE EXPOSURE
Nadine Freudenberg1, Thomas Frühwirt1, Klaus-Jürgen Kohl2, Monika Kutz2, Heiner Siedel3, Jörn Wichert3
IN: SIEGESMUND, S. & MIDDENDORF, B. (EDS.): MONUMENT FUTURE: DECAY AND CONSERVATION OF STONE.
– PROCEEDINGS OF THE 14TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON THE DETERIORATION AND CONSERVATION OF STONE –
VOLUME I AND VOLUME II. MITTELDEUTSCHER VERLAG 2020.
1 Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Geotechnics, Gustav-Zeuner-Str. 1, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
2 Institut für Brandund Katastrophenschutz Heyrothsberge, Research Division, Biederitzer Str. 5, 39175 Biederitz, Germany
3 Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, 01062 Dresden, Germany, [email protected]
Abstract
Heat-induced short-term decay of dimension stone on buildings and monuments caused by fire is a well-known phenomenon. Most of the scientific studies about thermal behavior and thermal changes of building stones are carried out in laboratory ovens by stepwise heating of stone samples to different stages of temperature. However, real conditions of fire attack on stone elements of buildings might differ considerably from the relatively slow, even heating of small samples in ovens. Therefore, more realistic fire scenarios were designed to test the behavior of sandstone specimens such as cylinders and balusters (height 58 cm and max. diameter 19 cm). The samples comprise the Cotta and Posta type of the Cretaceous Elbe sandstone. They were exposed to a real scale fire test, based on the standard ISO 9705 (room corner test). The specimens were mounted in a fire container at a height of 170 cm above the fire source, a wood crib in accordance to DIN EN 3–7. The standard defines a known theoretical heat release rate, producing a maximum air temperature of approx. 900 °C for about 15 minutes. The temperature in the container as well as on the surface and within the stone specimens was monitored by thermocouples during the tests. The measured surface temperatures vary between 350 and 600 °C, whereas the temperatures at some 4.5–9.5 cm below surface vary only between 200 and 350 °C, depending on the shape of the samples. After the fire tests, different crack patterns were observed. In contrast, smaller specimens heated in a laboratory oven did not reveal any macroscopic cracks, although they were exposed to the same or even markedly higher temperatures (1,000 °C in the sample core). However, both treatments are needed for a better understandig of fire damages on stone buildings since the material behavior of sandstone on grain size scale (fabric and mineralogy) triggers macroscopic crack patterns such as fragmentation and scaling.
Introduction
Due to firestorms caused by heavy bombardments during the Second World War, lots of buildings and objects made of sandstone were massively damaged. These damages became probably more severe by extinguishing fire by water, leading to another
