(%)
Onsite investigations
The results of the mapping of the south-west wall of the Zvartnots complex show, that back-weathering, concentrated at the lower part of the wall is the main damage form covering more than 13 square meters of ashlar and more than 70 % of the whole study object (Fig. 5c).
These damages can be clearly associated with the effloresences of salts. Using test stripes, high amounts of sulfate (> 1,600 mg/l), chloride (1,000 mg/l) and nitrate (500 mg/l) could be detected. Loss of material, rounding and scaling only took place at around 3.5 m2 of the investigated wall. Biological growth is not observable (Fig. 5c).
In a comparison of both buildings, which were built with comparable rock materials, values between 0–15 RF and 0–200 % WME speak for a largely intact condition.
For the Zwartnots cathedral electrical conductivity and capacity shows critical values in all measurement points by reaching more than 15 (% WME) in case of the conductivity and more than 400 (RF) for the capacity.
At the Avan Cathedral crack formation is the predominant weathering form, following by back-weathering and scaling. In Figure 6, these damage forms are depicted at one half of the façade, where also no relevant salt weathering was found. The electrical conductivity and capacity show critical values only in the lower part of the building, which is also partly effected by rising dampness (Fig. 6).
Discussion
Due to the lime inclusions, the RM mortar can be classified as a dry slaked mortar, that is known due to its sandwich-like preparation (Wedekind 2014). The RM mortar was made in a traditional way, but its durability is limited and not comparable with a hot mixed mortar by using amorphous aggregates, like the two described historical mortars. However, 142the RM mortar from the 1941 restoration work was still preserved in huge amounts. The RM mortar does not show any harmful side effects unlike the modern, cement-containing mortars used for the main restoration works in Zvartnots.
Figure 5: Damage mapping of a wall at the Zvartnots Cathedral ruin.
The two different historical mortars can be classified as hot-prepared mortars. In this case, the burned lime was probably mixed and slaked together with the amorphous siliceous aggregate. This could be the reason why no visible lime accumulation is visible. It is known, that the solubility of amorphous silicate increases sharply at a high pH in combination with heat (Iler 1979). All conditions are present during the mortar preparation, heat, a high pH of 14 and a lot of amorphous silicate material used as aggregate.
The high temperature reached by the exothermic reaction of the burned lime slaked with water and the high pH (14) seems to soften and chemically desolve the fine amorphous silicious particles within the aggregate and to form calicite-silica compounds. These cement-like, but salt-free and highly porous mortars seem to be the main reason, why very large parts of the Armenian cultural heritage is still preserved. These mortars also show a perfect compatibility with the highly porous building stones (Tab. 1). The tuff material has a high water uptake capacity and shows a comparably high resistance agains salt weathering (Pötzl et. al 2018).
Conclusions and further investigations
The high values of sulfate measured at the Zvartnots Cathedral could probably be due to the use 143of cement mortar, implemeted during restoration works at the ruins in the 1950s–1980s (Fig. 2f). Rain water could also be one possible source, since immense infiltration took place at many walls of the ruins. However, aggressive magnesium sulfpher salts could be formed if a dolomitic lime was used for the historical mortar. This should be clarified by further investigations.
Figure 6: Damage mapping of the right half of the main façade at the Avan Cathedral.
A proper desalination method has to be tested and applied. The first experimental conservation works during the summer school 2019 using poultices and the sprinkling method (Wedekind, Ruedrich 2006) have shown promising results.
The observations and results show that the restoration mortar, which is comparable to the historical mortar could be a proper material for both historical objects.
To discover the secret of its eternity and to prepare and develop a suitable and sustainable mortar for restoration, should be the main goal of future research.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all the participants of the 1th Summer School “Stones in Armenian Architecture” for their great work. We also thank the administration of heritage preservation of the Zvartnots side for their friendly cooperation, especially Grigor Nalbandyan as well as the Armenian Apostolic Church. We are grateful to Alfons van den Kerkof for allowing us access to the cathodoluminescence microscope at the Geoscience Centre of the University of Göttingen and for his friendly help and cooperation.
This work was generously supported by the Volkswagen Foundation (AZ93919).
References
Brandi, C. (2006) Theorie der Restaurierung (trad. Schäedler-Saub, U., Jakobs, D.), Munich.
Iler, R. K. (1979) The Chemistry of Silica, Wiley (Interscience, New York.
Maroutyan, T. (1976) Avani tachary ev hamanman husharcanner [Cathedral of Avan and same monuments], 1976, Yerevan
Pötzl, Chr., Siegesmund, S., Dohrmann, R., Koning, J. M., Wedekind, W. (2018) Deterioration of volcanic tuff rocks from Armenia: constraints on salt crystallization and hydric expansion, Environmental Earth Sciences 77:660, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7777-8.
Wedekind,
