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Здесь: особенность поведения, мысли.
65
Barry Schwartz, The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less (New York: HarperCollins, 2004).
66
Herbert A. Simon, “Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment,” Psychological Review 63, no. 2 (1956): 129–138. Simon contrasts the strategies of “satisfice” and “optimize.”
67
See Nathan N. Cheek & Barry Schwartz, “On the Meaning and Measurement of Maximization,” Judgment and Decision Making 11, no. 2 (2016): 126–146.
68
Samantha J. Heintzelman & Laura A. King, “Life Is Pretty Meaningful,” American Psychologist 69, no. 6 (2014): 561–574.
69
The Health and Retirement Study, an ongoing longitudinal study of Americans over age 50 sponsored by the National Institute on Aging at the University of Michigan, http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/. These results are reported in Heintzelman & King, “Life Is Pretty Meaningful.”
70
Rosemarie Kobau, Joseph Sniezek, Matthew M. Zack, Richard E. Lucas & Adam Burns, “Well-Being Assessment: An Evaluation of Well-Being Scales for Public Health and Population Estimates of Well-Being Among US Adults,” Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being 2 (2010): 272–297.
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Oishi & Diener, “Residents of Poor Nations.”
72
Fei-Hsiu Hsiao, Guey-Mei Jow, Wen-Hung Kuo, King-Jen Chang, Yu-Fen Liu, Rainbow T. Ho, et al., “The Effects of Psychotherapy on Psychological Well-Being and Diurnal Cortisol Patterns in Breast Cancer Survivors,” Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 81 (2012): 173–182.
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Heintzelman & King, “Life Is Pretty Meaningful,” 567.
74
Sometimes people might be disillusioned and unreliable reporters of their own emotional states so we should take their reports with a grain of salt. But there is no evidence of bias so systematic that it would render subjective reports totally worthless, most of the time they probably are relatively accurate. See, e.g., OECD, OECD Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Well-Being (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2013). Be that as it may, I side with the psychologists in focusing on the experienced meaning of people rather than believing there to be some outside standard that can be used to judge the meaningfulness of people’s existence no matter their own experience.
75
Пер. Е. Цветковой.
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Jon H. Kaas, “The Evolution of Brains from Early Mammals to Humans,” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 4, no. 1 (2013): 33–45. Also see Joseph R. Burger, Menshian A. George, Claire Leadbetter & Farhin Shaikh, “The Allometry of Brain Size in Mammals,” Journal of Mammalogy 100, no. 2 (2019): 276–283.
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Юваль Ной Харари – израильский военный историк-медиевист, профессор исторического факультета Еврейского университета в Иерусалиме, автор международного бестселлера «Sapiens: Краткая история человечества».
78
Yuval Harari, Sapiens. A Brief History of Humankind (New York: Harper, 2015).
79
See William A. Roberts, “Are Animals Stuck in Time?” Psychological Bulletin 128, no. 3 (2002): 473–489. Although see also William A. Roberts, “Mental Time Travel: Animals Anticipate the Future,” Current Biology 17, no. 11 (2007): R418–R420, where evidence is reviewed for the capability of some animals to anticipate the future and have episodic-like memories. As with most things separating humans from animals, instead of a clear dichotomy, humans just have much more of what some animals have little of.
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Antti Kauppinen, “Meaningfulness and Time,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 84, no. 2 (2012): 345–377, 368.
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Нейровизуализация – общее название нескольких методов, позволяющих визуализировать структуру, функции и биохимические характеристики мозга. Включает компьютерную томографию, магниторезонансную томографию и т. п.
82
Adam Waytz, Hal E. Hershfield & Diana I. Tamir, “Mental Simulation and Meaning in Life,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 108, no. 2 (2015): 336–355, study 1.
83
Human sociality and living in large tribes most probably had much to do with why we developed the unique capacity for reflection as, e.g., Dunbar has argued. Also the need for justification most probably had much to do with the need to justify our actions to others as, e.g., Haidt has argued. See Robin I. M. Dunbar, “The Social Brain Hypothesis,” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 6, no. 5 (1998): 178–190. And Jonathan Haidt, “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment,” Psychological Review 108 (2001): 814–834.
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See Frank Martela & Michael F. Steger, “The Meaning of Meaning in Life: Coherence, Purpose, and Significance as the Three Facets of Meaning,” Journal of Positive Psychology, 11, no. 5 (2016): 531–545.
85
Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Avon Books, 1965), p. viii. The first edition of the book was published in 1941.
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Fromm, Escape from Freedom, xii.
