“keep” in Hebrew is shamar, which can also mean guard. Humans are responsible for ensuring that the land is protected for its purpose as a source of abundance for all creatures. Flourishing, thriving land will provide goodness and crops for humans while equally ensuring that the land too prospers for God’s purpose.
Psalm 104 further elaborates God’s role as Creator. Beginning at the first and repeated at the last verse, God is celebrated and thanked for the very act of creation:
Bless the Lord, O my soul.
O Lord my God, you are very great.
From there, echoing the creation themes in Genesis, the psalmist reveals God stretches out the heavens like a tent (v. 2), setting the earth on its foundation (v. 5) and giving boundaries to the flowing of the waters. We are then reminded that God created the day and night and the seasons:
You have made the moon to mark the seasons;
the sun knows its time for setting.
You make darkness, and it is night,
when all the animals of the forest come creeping out.
The young lions roar for their prey,
seeking their food from God (v. 19–21)
As a reminder of the power of God’s creative forces in the Book of Job, God appears to Job to question whether he really appreciates the majesty and strength of God as creator. After all the wondering and struggles Job faces in fear, uncertainty, sickness, and loss, God appears to Job to remind him about how Job is but a small part of God’s vast and immeasurable creation. God reminds Job that in his limited human understanding he can barely appreciate the immensity of God’s creative efforts:
Then the Lord answered Job out of the whirlwind: Who is this that darkens counsel by words without knowledge? Gird up your loins like a man, I will question you, and you shall declare to me. Where were you when I laid the foundation of the earth? Tell me, if you have understanding. Who determined its measurements—surely you know! Or who stretched the line upon it? On what were its bases sunk, or who laid its cornerstone when the morning stars sang together . . . ? —Job 38:1–7
Throughout the Hebrew Scripture, there are numerous references that the land itself is deserving of respect, for it is from God. Leviticus 25:4 states:
. . . but in the seventh year there shall be a sabbath of complete rest for the land, a sabbath for the Lord; you shall not sow your field or prune your vineyard.
The practical reason for resting the land is that it will be more productive. However, when placed in the context of the Lord’s sabbath it is a sign that all creation is to be treated with value and respect as part of God’s creation.
Creation Celebrates and Mourns
Through Hebrew Scripture we also learn that human attributes, such as the ability to praise and to mourn, are shared by other parts of creation. Creation is seen as having equality with humans with the similar capacity to recognize the Creator. The prophet Jeremiah reminds us that the land itself will grieve when it and humankind are mistreated, and when the land is unwell other parts of creation suffer also.
How long will the land mourn, and the grass of every field wither? —Jeremiah 12:4
The prophet Hosea reminds the Israelites that separation from God and God’s expectations will cause not only the land but also the rest of creation to grieve. Again, we are reminded that the relationships between land, nature, and people are deeply intertwined. When one aspect of the creation is degraded, another part suffers.
Therefore the land mourns, and all who live in it languish; together with the wild animals and the birds of the air, even the fish of the sea are perishing. —Hosea 4:3
Scripture tells us that while not only can the land mourn, all creation can be in harmony rejoicing in God’s abundance as an interconnected, dependent community. When all is well with nature and balance is achieved with the blessing of God, nature responds like humankind with joy, happiness, and even singing:
The pastures of the wilderness overflow,
the hills gird themselves with joy,
the meadows clothe themselves with flocks,
the valleys deck themselves with grain,
they shout and sing together for joy.
—Psalm 65:12–13
Not only does the land rejoice but the entire cosmos celebrates God:
Let the heavens be glad, and let the earth rejoice;
let the sea roar, and all that fills it;
let the field exult, and everything in it.
Then shall all the trees of the forest sing for joy . . . .
—Psalm 96:11–12
The New Testament
The New Testament is steeped in reminders of the centrality of nature from agricultural references to reminders that Jesus’ ministry was set in various landscapes. In fact the backdrop of many of the gospel stories include numerous stories of Jesus outside in nature. Remember, the very first introduction of Jesus is his birth in a manger, presumably surrounded by animals. The first people to greet Jesus were shepherds who lived out under the sky (Luke 2:8–20).
As Jesus grows into adulthood, we can almost imagine him walking down through the grass and brush alongside the riverbed, wading into the Jordan River as he is immersed in the life-giving water when baptized by John. Looking up to the blue skies, the clouds open up to reveal God. All of nature is present for the baptism of Jesus.
His disciples, all who came to hear him preach and sought healing, met him in fields, mountains, or near the sea. We can almost see Jesus strolling on dusty trails to give the sermon on the plain or, walking beside the vastness of the Sea of Galilee, inviting his disciples to give up their work of fishing to follow him. He rested in the mountains, meeting people at water wells and street corners as he journeyed through villages and towns. Jesus’ disciples were in the fields picking grain on the sabbath.
However, the gospel writers not only placed Jesus ministering outside, they also equated Jesus and his ministry with nature. In the imagery of John’s gospel, the reader is invited to consider that Jesus is actually part of nature.
I am the vine, you are the branches. Those who abide in me and I in them bear much fruit, because apart from me you can do nothing. —John 15:5
Jesus is compared to a vine, part of a growing living tree or bush that stretches and bends as it thrives with sun and water. Humans are described as part of the branches that come out from nature, an imaginative sign of our connection to Jesus and to nature.
The parables of Jesus are full of references to nature, farming, vineyards, water, and the land. The intention is clear that the first listeners of the gospel stories understood the relationship humans have with nature. As farmers and fishermen, they knew the cycles of life were dependent on nature. While some lived in urban settings, they still lived close enough to the land to be reliant on good weather for food. Consider the parable of the sower who plants seeds in the field with mixed results; birds take the seeds when they are not
