The Glaciers of the Alps. John Tyndall

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RENDU'S THEORY. (14.)

       (15.)

       FORBES'S THEORY. (16.)

       THE CREVASSES. (17.)

       (18.)

       HEAT AND WORK. (19.)

       (20.)

       THOMSON'S THEORY. (21.)

       THE PRESSURE-THEORY OF GLACIER-MOTION. (22.)

       REGELATION. (23.)

       CRYSTALLIZATION AND INTERNAL LIQUEFACTION. (24.)

       THE MOULINS. (25.)

       DIRT-BANDS OF THE MER DE GLACE. (26.)

       THE VEINED STRUCTURE OF GLACIERS. (27.)

       THE VEINED STRUCTURE AND THE DIFFERENTIAL MOTION. (28.)

       THE RIPPLE-THEORY OF THE VEINED STRUCTURE. (29.)

       THE VEINED STRUCTURE AND PRESSURE. (30.)

       THE VEINED STRUCTURE AND THE LIQUEFACTION OF ICE BY PRESSURE. (31.)

       WHITE ICE-SEAMS IN THE GLACIER DU GÉANT. (32.)

       (33.)

       PARTIAL SUMMARY.

       APPENDIX.

       INDEX.

       WORKS by JOHN TYNDALL.

       Table of Contents

      Page

       1.—Introductory.1

      Visit to Penrhyn; the Cleavage of Slate Rocks; Sedgwick's theory—its difficulties; Sharpe's observations; Sorby's experiments; Lecture at the Royal Institution; Glacier Lamination; arrangement of an expedition to Switzerland

      2.—Expedition of 1856: the Oberland.9

      Valley of Lauterbrunnen; Pliability of rocks; the Wengern Alp; the Jungfrau and Silberhorn; Ice avalanches; Glaciers formed from them; Scene from the Little Scheideck; the Lower Grindelwald Glacier; the Heisse Platte—its Avalanches; Ice Minarets and Blocks; Echoes of the Wetterhorn; analogy with the Reflection of Light from angular mirrors; the Reichenbach Cascade; Handeck Fall; the Grimsel; the Unteraar Glacier; hut of M. Dollfuss; Hôtel des Neufchâtelois; the Rhone glacier from the Mayenwand; expedition up the glacier; Coloured Rings round the sun; crevasses of the névé; extraordinary meteorological phenomenon; Spirit of the Brocken

      3.—The Tyrol.23

      Kaunserthal and the Gebatsch Alp; Senner or Cheesemakers; Gebatsch Glacier; a night in a cowshed; passage to Lantaufer; a chamois on the rocks; my Guide; the atmospheric snow-line; passage of the Stelvio; Colour of fresh snow; Bormio; the pass recrossed by night; aspect of the mountains; Meran to Unserfrau; passage of the Hochjoch to Fend; singular hailstorm; wild glacier region; hidden crevasses; First Paper presented to the Royal Society

      4.—Expedition of 1857: the Lake of Geneva.33

      Blueness of the water; the head of the Lake; appearance of the Rhone; subsidence of particles; Mirage

      5.—Chamouni and the Montanvert.37

      Arrival; Coloured Shadows on the snow; Source of the Arveiron; fall of the Vault; "Sunrise in the Valley of Chamouni;" Scratched Rocks; quarters at the Montanvert

      6.—The Mer de Glace.42

      Not a Sea but a River of ice; Wave-forms on its surface; their explanation; Structure and Strata; Glacier Tables; first view of the Dirt Bands; influence of Illumination in rendering them visible; the Eye incapable of detecting differences between intense lights

       7. 46

      Measurements commenced; the "Cleft Station" at Trélaporte; Regelation of snow granules; two chamois; view of the Mer de Glace and its Tributaries; Séracs of the Col du Géant; Sliding and Viscous theories; Rending of the ice; Striæ on its surface; White Ice-seams

       8. 57

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