or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-76164-8
Cover image: Pixabay.Com Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface
The cyber ecosystem consists of a huge number of different entities that work and interact with each other in a highly diversified manner. In this era, when the world is surrounded by many unseen challenges and when its population is increasing and resources are decreasing, scientists, researchers, academicians, industrialists, government agencies and other stakeholders are looking forward to smart and intelligent cyber systems that can guarantee sustainable development for a better and healthier ecosystem. The main actors of this cyber ecosystem include the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and the mechanisms providing cybersecurity.
This book attempts to collect and publish innovative ideas, emerging trends, implementation experiences, and pertinent use cases for the purpose of serving mankind and societies with sustainable societal development. As outlined in the Table of Contents, the 22 chapters of the book are divided into three parts: Part I deals with the Internet of Things, Part II focuses on artificial intelligence and especially its applications in healthcare, whereas Part III investigates the different cybersecurity mechanisms.
In conclusion, we would like to express our great appreciation to all of those with whom we had the pleasure of working with during this project. First, the editors would like to express their deep and sincere gratitude to all the authors who shared their ideas, expertise, and experience and submitted their chapters in a timely manner. Next, the editors wish to acknowledge the extraordinary contributions of the reviewers for their valuable and constructive recommendations that improved the quality, coherence, and content presentation of the chapters. Finally, our heartfelt gratitude goes to our family members and friends for their love, prayers, and concern, allowing us to complete this project on time.
Dr. Pardeep Kumar Dr. Vishal JainDr. Vasaki Ponnusamy July 2021
1
Voyage of Internet of Things in the Ocean of Technology
Tejaskumar R. Ghadiyali1*, Bharat C. Patel2 and Manish M. Kayasth1
1 Udhna Citizen Commerce College & SPB College of Business Administration & SDHG College of BCA & IT, Surat, Gujarat, India
2 Smt. Tanuben and Dr. Manubhai Trivedi College of Information Science, Surat, Gujarat, India
Abstract
In this technological era, the voyage of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the ocean of technology is very interesting, innovative, and beneficial to society. In this voyage, we have to deal with many icebergs in the form of technology such as Machine-to-Machine Communications, Cloud Computing, Machine Learning, Big Data, Distributed Systems, Smart Device, and Security. Blending of such technology with the IoT ultimately promises not only intelligent systems talking to each other but also with human beings in real time in varied domains such as Healthcare, Agriculture, Transport, Corporation services, Manufacturing, and other “Smarter” domains. In this chapter, during the voyage of IoT, we will elaborate Introduction (Basics of IoT, Characteristics, Base Architecture of IoT, and Merits and Demerits), Technological Evolution Toward IoT, Associate Technology in IoT, Interoperability in IoT, Introduction to Programming technology associated with IoT and IoT applications, and A special case study with “Smart Farming: A paradigm shift toward sustainable agriculture” which concludes the chapter.
Keywords: IoT, Internet of Things, Associate Technology with IoT, Interoperability in IoT, Programming in IoT, IoT application, IoT in Agriculture, Smart Farming
1.1 Introduction
There are several motivated factors that tell us why the voyage of IoT is important in the ocean of technology. Current internet service basically provides a connection of computers and computing devices, whereas the Internet of Things (IoT) has expanded its scope from computers and computing devices to other things around us. IoT interconnects physical objects around us such as at home it can be communicated with lights, fans, air conditioners, refrigerators, microwave ovens, and other Bluetooth-operated devices, and at the workplace, it can be communicated with internet operated machines. In the recent era, such “Things” connected to the internet have crossed over twenty billion. Such things using embedded electronics are going to connect other things around them depending on the application requirements and thus construct a much bigger Inter-network of Things than that of the current internet of computers and computing devices called the Internet of Things (IoT). To do so, IoT devices have to deal with a challenge of interoperability, that means how such different objects can perform inter-communication with each other. So, this is the integral visualization of the IoT.
The other motivated factor in IoT technology implementation is of its low-cost IoT hardware. In IoT, connection of low-cost sensors with cloud platforms gives revolutionary results in this technological era. Using a legitimate merger of these technologies, we can track, analyze, and respond to operational data at a large scale. So, this feature leads toward the end of legacy closed, static, and bounded systems technology and creates a new paradigm of omnipresent connectivity. Such omnipresent connectivity enables communication and exchanges useful information between and with everyday objects around us in order to improve quality of human life. When objects can sense the environment and communicate, they become powerful tools for understanding complexity within it. Such smart objects that can interact with human beings are likely to be interacting more with each other automatically (without human intervention) and updating themselves their daily schedules [1].
Such a phenomenon in the 2000s was heading into a new era of ubiquity, the fact of appearing everywhere internet connectivity is not only serving for Anywhere, Anytime but it also gives the surface of connecting Anything. So, this concept will remove a separation between the real world (physical world) and an imaginary world (internet) resulting that real-world interest should be able to get access to online. In this online access, human beings are very less as internet traffic generators and receivers compared to the things (devices) around us. So, as per the Gartner Research, we can define IoT as, “The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects that contain embedded technology to communicate and sense or interact with
