of the following best describes primary care‐shared medical appointments (a form of group consultation) in Lifestyle Medicine?Patients often complain of confidentiality issuesResearch has shown that patients do not like this approach compared to conventional single‐person appointmentShared medical appointments offer time and space to empower patients to self‐manageThese are not an ideal approach for behavioural change11 The most compelling evidence for the effectiveness of therapeutic lifestyle change comes from which of the following?Studies of annual therapeutic lifestyle change clinic visit programsStudies of intensive therapeutic lifestyle change programsStudies of monthly therapeutic lifestyle change clinic visit programsStudies of non‐intensive therapeutic lifestyle change programs
12 Which of these most appropriately explains the difference between Lifestyle Medicine and other types of practice?It is distinctly different from all the other categories of medicineIt is the same as Alternative MedicineIt is the same as Complementary MedicineIt is the same as Functional Medicine
13 In understanding Lifestyle Medicine and Integrative Medicine, which of the following best explains their relationship?Both are patient‐centred and involve personalized careBoth place the same emphasis on behavioural change They are exactly the sameThey do not have any common components
14 In understanding Lifestyle Medicine and Functional Medicine, which of these is the most appropriate statement?Both place emphasis on vitamin supplementsBoth are forms of Alternative MedicineFunctional Medicine is concerned with interactions between the environment, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and immune systems to create individualized careThey do not have anything in common
15 Concerning Lifestyle Medicine and Conventional Medicine, which of these statements best describes the differences?Both place the same emphasis on behavioural interventionConventional Medicine places emphasis on restoring function by addressing the root cause through individualized treatmentLifestyle Medicine, unlike Conventional Medicine, emphasizes cellular metabolism and control of oxidative stressUnlike Lifestyle Medicine, in Conventional Medicine, apart from complying with the prescribed medications or surgery, patients are not required to make significant changes
16 In the therapeutic approaches used in Lifestyle Medicine, which of these therapeutic interventions has been most appropriately represented?Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is seldom usedGroup consultations have been found to be effectiveLifestyle Medicine approaches have not been found to be effective in the management of communicable diseasesMotivational counselling is more effective than medications in severe depression
17 Comparing Lifestyle Medicine and Preventive Medicine, which of these best compares their approaches?Lifestyle Medicine practice is the same as Preventive Medicine in approachMedication is the ‘end’ in both fields of MedicinePersonalized care is a key feature in both the fields of MedicinePreventive Medicine, unlike Lifestyle Medicine, emphasizes population‐based interventions
18 Which of the following is a key process in health coaching for behavioural change in Lifestyle Medicine?Assessing the client’s readiness for changeChanging the lifestyle of the client Enforcing behavioural change in the clientSetting goals for the client
19 Which of the following is the most appropriate behaviour change technique for the behaviour change process?In all stages, use motivational interviewingIn all stages, use positive psychologyIn the early stages, use cognitive behavioural therapyIn the later stages, use motivational interviewing
20 Which of the following best reflects physician competencies for prescribing Lifestyle Medicine?Ideally, physicians will role‐model and practice healthy personal behavioursPhysician helps patients sustain healthy lifestyle practices with no need to refer to other specialitiesPhysician’s engagement with patients has not been shown to improve patient outcomeThe healthcare provider should avoid engagement with the patient
21 In Physician Competencies in Lifestyle Medicine, which of the following best explains the important processes involved in the assessment of a patient?Assessment of the employer’s readiness and willingness is more important than family readiness and willingnessAssessment of environmental factors is the most important aspectAssessment of family readiness and willingness is more important than the client’s readiness and willingnessAssessment of social, psychological, and biological predispositions and the desired health outcome is very important
22 Health coaching in Lifestyle Medicine is more likely to succeed in which of the following situations?Readiness of the patients and their community to make a health behaviour changeReadiness of the patients and their employer to make health behaviour changeReadiness of the patients and their family to make health behaviour changeReadiness of the patients and members of their support group to make a health behaviour change
23 Which of the following best describes the intensity component of the Lifestyle Medicine treatment intensity program?Amount of contact hours during the programAmount of days spent on the program Amount of physical activities on the programAmount of whole food plant‐based options in the program
24 A 58‐year‐old man, diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes 20 years ago, recently moves into the area and registers as a new patient in the primary care clinic. His BMI is 40. He has dyslipidaemia, severe left hip pain, and is desperate to have Lifestyle Medicine interventions for his condition. For the past five years, his treatment consists of Soluble Insulin, Metformin, and Atorvastatin. Based on the current evidence, which of the following will be the most effective option of therapeutic lifestyle intervention treatment for him now?Intensive therapeutic lifestyle change treatmentIntensive therapeutic lifestyle change treatment followed by therapeutic lifestyle changeNon‐intensive therapeutic lifestyle change treatmentNon‐intensive therapeutic lifestyle change treatment followed by therapeutic lifestyle change
25 In the scientific foundation of the Healthy Doctor = Healthy Patient project (Frank et al. 2013), which of the following most accurately represents the findings in this study?Counselling patients makes a difference in patients’ habits and in their healthNorth American physicians tend to live just as long as their peersPhysicians live longer than their contemporaries because they have access to better medical carePhysicians with poor health habits are more likely to advise their patients about preventive habits
Answers
1 C The website of the American College of Lifestyle Medicine provides a definition that states that ‘Lifestyle Medicine involves the use of evidence‐based lifestyle therapeutic approaches such as a predominantly whole food, plant‐based diet, regular physical activity, adequate sleep, stress management, avoidance of risky substance use, and other non‐drug modalities, to prevent, treat, and oftentimes reverse the lifestyle‐related chronic disease that is all too prevalent’. In the 2017 edition of Egger’s textbook, Lifestyle Medicine: Lifestyle, the Environment, and Preventive Medicine in Health and Disease, he defines Lifestyle Medicine as ‘The application of environmental, behavioural (sic), medical, and motivational principles to the management of lifestyle‐related health problems in a clinical and/or public health setting (Rippe 2019, pp. 961–962)’.
2 A Rippe defines Lifestyle Medicine as ‘The integration of lifestyle practices into conventional medicine to lower the risk for chronic disease and, if the disease is already present, to serve as an adjunct to therapy’ (Rippe 2019, pp. 961–962).
3 B There have been several definitions of Lifestyle Medicine by various schools of thought across the global community. The preferred definition may be that authored by Sanger, Katz, Dysinger, and others published in late 2014 in the International Journal of Clinical Practice: ‘Lifestyle Medicine is the evidence‐based practice of helping individuals and communities with comprehensive lifestyle changes (including nutrition, physical activity, stress management, social support, and environmental exposures) to help prevent, treat, and even reverse the progression of chronic
