the subject of thermal energy storage (TES) is recognized as a critical energy technology that is attracting increasing interest for various applications, including space and water heating, cooling, and air-conditioning. TES systems offer an enormous potential to facilitate more effective use of thermal equipment and large-scale energy substitutions that are economically feasible and viable. More importantly, TES is one of the most appropriate methods for correcting the mismatch that sometimes occurs between energy supply and demand. TES is therefore a very attractive technology for meeting society’s needs and desires for more efficient and environmentally benign energy use. In fact, it has now become a vital technology, especially for the renewable energy systems where energy storage is greatly needed. To reflect this trend, the third edition of Thermal Energy Storage: Systems and Applications is enhanced and improved further for new and advanced systems and wider applications.
This book is primarily research oriented, and it is suitable as a textbook for various courses in numerous degree programs. It nonetheless includes practical features often not included in other, solely academic textbooks. This book is essentially intended for use by advanced undergraduate and graduate students in disciplines ranging from mechanical to chemical engineering and beyond, and as a basic reference for practicing energy engineers. Analyses of TES systems and their applications are undertaken throughout this comprehensive book, providing new understandings, methodologies, models, and applications, along with descriptions of several experimental works and case studies. Some of the material presented has been drawn from recent information available in the literature and elsewhere. The coverage is extensive, and the amount of information and data presented can be sufficient for several courses, if studied in detail. We strongly believe that this book will be of interest to students, engineers and energy experts, and that it provides a valuable and readable reference text for those who wish to learn more about more TES systems and applications.
The first chapter addresses general aspects of thermodynamics, fluid flow, and heat transfer to furnish the reader with background information that is of relevance to the analysis and design of TES systems and their applications. Chapter 2 discusses many types of energy storage, related systems and applications and several important environmental issues that we face today, and discusses how energy storage can help address these problems. Chapter 2 also describes how energy storage is a valuable tool in energy conservation efforts that can help achieve significant energy savings. Chapter 3 deals extensively with TES methods, including cold TES for various selected applications. Chapter 4 covers basic analysis and assessment tools along with energy and exergy approaches and provides energy and exergy analyses of a wide range of TES systems, along with various practical examples. Chapter 5 focuses on numerical modeling and simulation of TES systems. The chapter delves into both sensible and latent TES systems and their modeling, simulation and analyses, and incorporates numerous case studies and illustrative examples, including ones on heat transfer with phase change in simple and complex geometries. Chapter 6 focuses on thermal management options for various applications, including batteries and, capacitors, where there is a need to deploy thermal energy storage. Chapter 7 is a new one as it deals with renewable energy systems, particularly with those based on solar energy, where thermal energy storage is an immediate need. Various systems and applications are also examined in this chapter. Chapter 8 discusses many practical TES applications and case studies along with their technical features and potential benefits.
Incorporated throughout this book are many wide-ranging, illustrative examples which provide useful information for practical applications. Conversion factors and thermophysical properties of various materials are listed in the appendices in the International System of Units (SI). Complete references and a bibliography are included with each chapter to direct the curious and interested reader to further information.
The third edition of this book includes updated materials, new chapters, and questions/problems for each chapter. We feel that the enhanced content makes this edition of Thermal Energy Storage: Systems and Applications the most suitable candidate as a textbook and/or reference book for senior level undergraduate and/or graduate level courses in the area.
İbrahim DinçerMarc A. Rosen
Acknowledgments
Many people and organizations provided assistance which helped greatly in bringing this edition of our book to fruition.
We remain grateful to the following past students and colleagues for the time and effort they dedicated to the second edition of the book to assist in the preparation of some sections, figures and problems: Dr. Hooman Abdi, Dr. Mustafa Tolga Balta, Dr. Aytunc Erek, Mr. Othman Jaber, Dr. Mehmet Karakilcik, Dr. David MacPhee, and Mr. Bayu Susila. Their assistance helped us enhance the content and make it more focused as a comprehensive resource and textbook on thermal energy storage.
In this third edition of the book, we express out gratitude to the following visiting scholars: Dr. Dogan Erdemir, Dr. Muhammed Iber Aydin and Dr. Mehmet Akif Ezan, and to the following PhD students: Mert Temiz, Fatih Sorgulu and Faran Razi, for assisting in preparing and updating the chapters and drawing figures as well as for preparing some additional problems.
In addition, we are particularly thankful to numerous companies and agencies which have contributed some examples, case studies and illustrations for use in the editions of this book. These valuable materials permit us to cover many recent developments and to provide a high degree of industrial relevance and practicality. Much of such materials from the first and second editions is retained in this edition, due to their continuing illustrative nature and relevance. Furthermore, new materials from various sectors are included in this edition to enhance the coverage of practical applications, which is acknowledged throughout the book where elements of the materials they provided are utilized.
We are grateful to several reviewers, colleagues, friends, and graduate students of ours for the feedback and suggestions they provided during the preparation of the prior and current editions of this book.
We acknowledge the support provided by our former and current academic institutions along with Turkish Academy of Sciences.
Last, but not least, we thank our wives, Gulsen Dincer and Margot Rosen, and our children Meliha, Miray, Ibrahim Eren, Zeynep and Ibrahim Emir Dincer, and Allison and Cassandra Rosen. They have been a great source of support and motivation, and their patience and understanding throughout this project have been most appreciated.
İbrahim DinçerMarc A. Rosen
1 Basic Introductory Thermal Aspects
1.1 Introduction
Thermal energy storage (TES) is one of the key technologies for energy conservation, and therefore, it is of great practical importance. One of its main advantages is that it is best suited for heating and cooling thermal applications. TES is perhaps as old as civilization itself. Since recorded time, people have harvested ice and stored it for later use. Large TES systems have been employed in more recent history for numerous applications, ranging from solar hot water storage to building air‐conditioning systems. The TES technology has only recently been developed to a point
