[1.15] speculated on the possibility of life transport by meteors. Lord Kelvin [1.9], discussed the possibility of panspermia in his Presidential Address to the British Association for the Advancement of Science. At the beginning of the next century, Swedish physicist/chemist Svante August Arrhenius (1908) presented his book on the panspermia theory [1.2]. There is a long history from before this time through the last century of claims of finding life in meteorites [1.6]. Astronomical sciences also developed significantly during this period to the point where we can observe gravitational waves from merging black holes, which was hardly imaginable just a few decades ago, and visualize black holes. With the discovery of many exoplanets astrobiology has matured as a scientific discipline. A tentative discovery of the intergalactic meteor particle in 2007 [1.1] and recent discoveries of an anomalous object ‘‘Oumuamua [1.11] and comet 2I/Borisov [1.8], that appear to have visited us from outside the Solar system, point out that our planet and its host star may not be an isolated island, in an otherwise lifeless universe. They are likely to exchange matter with the other stars from their vicinity as probably is the case with other stellar systems too, perhaps containing life. There is currently a bias that any such panspermia, if they exist, are prokaryotes [1.13] [1.16] or rugged, microscopic Eukaryotes [1.14].
In addition to transporting the physical bodies of microorganisms, another important aspect is the transport of biological information about these living systems. After all, the evolution of life on Earth is about altering the genetic code, either by natural or artificial means. Given that the organic matter, the building blocks for living organisms, is omnipresent in the universe, the aforementioned information might in some way be considered as the essence of life, at least in our current genocentric view of life [1.5]. The aspect of sending just the information signal in order to spread life is investigated in the visionary sci-fi novel “His Master’s Voice” by Polish writer Stanislaw Lem, first published in 1968 [1.10]. Contemporary with the beginning radio SETI searches [1.18], this offered a convergence point between sending and receiving SETI signals and the panspermia hypothesis. Information panspermia was later born in 2005 with the work of Vahe Gurzadyan [1.7].
In times when a number of exciting new discoveries are made and the new ones seem to be just around the corner, the millenia old panspermia hypothesis has not yet matured into a full fledged theory and some of its aspects might still not have been envisioned. Along the lines of scientific falsificationism, we can consider that no evidence against panspermia are found to date and that much of the controversy still remains [1.12]. The search is even more active in the opposite direction but still there is an evident lack of convincingly non-terrestrial microorganisms on Solar system bodies other than Earth. The recent experiments with micro-organisms exposed to space conditions at the International Space Station offer accumulating evidence that these organisms can withstand the harsh conditions of open space for long periods of time while preserving their biological potential. Even more, there are mounting concerns that human made space vehicles can spread life from our biosphere to other bodies of the Solar system, the most recent one being that the Israeli space mission that transported tardigrades to the Moon [1.17].
While panspermia is related to microorganisms and small scale processes on one end, on the other end, the transport of material depends on environmental conditions in galaxies. The evolution of galaxies depends on the interaction of galaxies within galaxy clusters and the overall evolution of matter in the universe. The galaxies are the main building blocks of our universe, analogous to cells in a human body. The stars and their planets are condensed from the clouds of galactic gas and dust that are rich in organics. The process of planetary formation is at the middle among the above stated scales that are relevant for panspermia. Starting from planetary formation, studies can go in either direction, to larger or smaller scales, to investigate phenomena that could spread life.
This collection of chapters incorporates studies from biology, astronomy and geology that investigate the possibility of panspermia, with most of them directly investigating phenomena related to the process of planetary formation. The processes described in these chapters permit the panspermia hypothesis, but empirical confirmation is still lacking at the level of our current knowledge. The basic aim of this book is to provoke readers to contemplate their respective research fields that are related to panspermia. For that matter it presents the basics of panspermia but also the advanced studies in the research fields presented. The chapters are comprehensible on a student level but at the same time they might be very interesting to experienced researchers. Possibly, some of them are already working on current and future space missions that may offer an empirical vindication of extra-terrestrial life transfer through the vastness of space.
Branislav Vukotić
Richard Gordon
Joseph Seckbach
September 1, 2021
References
[1.1] Afanasiev, V.L., Kalenichenko, V.V., Karachentsev, I.D., Detection of an intergalactic meteor particle with the 6-m telescope. Astrophys. Bull., 62, 4, 301–310, 2007.
[1.2] Arrhenius, S., Worlds in the Making; the Evolution of the Universe, Harper, New York, 1908.
[1.3] Berzelius, J.J., Analysis of the Alais meteorite and implications about life in other worlds. Ann. Chem. Pharm., 10, 134–135, 1834.
[1.4] Chyba, C.F., Extraterrestrial amino acids and terrestrial life. Nature, 348, 6297, 113–114, 1990.
[1.5] Gordon, R., Are we on the cusp of a new paradigm for biology? The illogic of molecular developmental biology versus Janus-faced control of embryogenesis via differentiation waves. BioSystems (Waves Fertilization, Cell Division Embryogenesis, Guest Editors: Jack Tuszynski, Luigia Santella & Richard Gordon), 203, 104367, 2021.
[1.6] Gordon, R. and McNichol, J., Recurrent dreams of life in meteorites, in: Genesis - In the Beginning: Precursors of Life, Chemical Models and Early Biological Evolution, J. Seckbach (Ed.), pp. 549–590, Springer, Dordrecht, 2012.
[1.7] Gurzadyan, V.G., Kolmogorov complexity, string information, panspermia, and the Fermi paradox. Observatory, 125, 1189, 352–355, 2005.
[1.8] Guzik, P., Drahus, M., Rusek, K., Waniak, W., Cannizzaro, G. and Pastor-Marazuela, I., Initial characterization of interstellar comet 2I/Borisov. Nat. Astron., 4, 53–57.
[1.9] Kelvin, L., On the Origin of Life. Excerpt. From the Presidential Address to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, held at Edinburgh, 1871, https://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_the_origin_of_life.html.
[1.10] Lem, S., His Master’s Voice, Northwestern University Press, Evanston, Illinois, USA, 1999.
[1.11] Loeb, A., Extraterrestrial: The First Sign of Intelligent Life Beyond Earth, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston. Massachusetts, USA, 2021.
[1.12] McNichol, J. and Gordon, R., Are we from outer space? A critical review of the panspermia hypothesis, in: Genesis - In the Beginning: Precursors of Life, Chemical Models and Early Biological Evolution, J. Seckbach (Ed.), pp. 591–619, Springer, Dordrecht, 2012.
[1.13] Ott, E., Kawaguchi, Y., Kölbl, D., Rabbow, E., Rettberg, P., Mora, M., Moissl-Eichinger, C., Weckwerth, W., Yamagishi, A., Milojevic, T., Molecular repertoire of Deinococcus radiodurans after 1 year of exposure outside the International Space Station within the Tanpopo mission. Microbiome, 8, 1, 150, 2020.
[1.14] Persson, D., Halberg, K.A., Jørgensen, A., Ricci, C., Møbjerg, N., Kristensen, R.M., Extreme stress tolerance in tardigrades:
