Ganga River Ecology Research Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division Centre of Advanced study in Botany, Institute of Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
Neha Singh Department of Research and Development Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited Hyderabad, India
Prabhakar Singh Center of Advanced Study, Department of Botany Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
Pratibha Singh Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany University of Allahabad Prayagraj, India
Pratibha Singh Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences Mahatma Gandhi Central University Motihari, Bihar, India
Prince Kumar Singh Department of Botany Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Rakesh Kumar Singh Department of Biochemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
Shikha Singh Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany University of Allahabad Prayagraj, India
Sanjesh Tiwari Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory Department of Botany University of Allahabad Prayagraj, India
Santwana Tiwari Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory Department of Botany University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
Vivekanand Tiwari Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO)‐Volcani Center Rishon LeZion, Israel
Yashoda Nandan Tripathi Center of Advance Study Department of Botany Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay Center of Advance Study Department of Botany Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Nidhi Verma Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany University of Allahabad Prayagraj, India
Aruna Yadav Department of Botany University of Rajasthan Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Poonam Yadav Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
Saurabh Yadav Department of Biotechnology Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal (Central) University Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
Preface
This edited book entitled Physiology of Salt Stress in Plants: Perception, Signalling, Omics and Tolerance Mechanism is an important contribution to Plant Science containing information related to salt stress and its mitigation strategy by experimental techniques based on theoretical concepts. The salt‐stress‐related problems are rising in the soil and water due to natural and anthropogenic activities. Anthropogenic activities include repeated irrigation through canal system and heavy crop production practices which has led to enhanced salt level in crop/agricultural field, hence substantially declining the crop productivity. Therefore, study on salt toxicity is continued as an area of scientific interest in direction to understand their whole mechanism of its toxicity and their entry into crop plants.
In this book, the authors explain a number of approaches to ease the negative impact of salt stress in crop plants. These approaches include nutrients, antioxidants, osmolytes, phytohormones and extra cellular compounds, etc. They are endo as well as exogenous in nature. In this book, the adverse impact of salt ion toxicity on plants and implication of advance approaches in alleviating salt toxicity have briefly been reviewed. This work enables the scientific world to design strategies for reducing NaCl‐mediated loss to crop by the application of different endo and exogenous substances in the farm soils. The governments and other organizations may design a holistic approach to reduce NaCl and other salt toxicity by different types of practices. Agriculturalists may be enlightened with several awareness programmers by the government and non‐government actions wherein the content of this book may be used. It is widely useful for all post‐graduate courses in the biological sciences. The idea of this work has a wide‐ranging scientific and socio‐economic utility.
All the editors thankfully acknowledge the contributions from all the scholars working across the Indian subcontinent and across the world. An authoritative book written by an individual that remains relevant over the coming years is rather cumbersome and instead requires the concerted effort of a team of expert scientists. All editors also gratefully acknowledge the team at John Wiley & Sons Limited which made possible the proposed book in its present form.
Editors
Pratibha Singh
Madhulika Singh
Rajiv Kumar Singh
Sheo Mohan Prasad
1 An Introduction to Salt Stress Perception and Toxicity Level: Worldwide Report at a Glance
Atun Roy Choudhury1,2, Neha Singh1, Ayushi Gupta3, and Sankar Ganesh Palani2
1 Department of Research and Development, Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited, Hyderabad, India
2 Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, India
3 Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
1.1 Soil Salinity: An Introduction
The threat of global warming is not limited only to the earthen atmosphere but slowly progressing toward the lithosphere. Attenuation of vegetative health due to the assimilation of brine substances is referred to as saline toxicity. The destruction caused solely due to the elevated level of sodium chloride (NaCl) is characterized as sodicity and is rather attainable to reclaim. Contrarily, the assorted salt stress enforces salinity, which makes land barren(Gul et al. 2015). Since the Green Revolution, the salinity footprint is engulfing the terrestrial territory quite rampantly. Presently, around one‐tenth of the earth's crust accounting nearly 46 M ha has turned non‐fertile (Hossain 2019). Excessive groundwater abstraction in the high zones may lead to premature desertification. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) predicted in a geospatial study that the coastal districts will be left with no aquifer water by 2050 without any technical interference (ICAR 2015). This further booms the inland intrusion of saline water. Figures are even more agitating, precisely in coastal regions. The rising sea levels often cause waterlogging in different parts of the world, precisely places located at lower elevations (EL‐Raey et al. 1995). India, with a coastline length of approximately 7516 km, is presently under immense risk of temporary submergence. Saline water logging abnormally elevates the sodicity and thereby turns the lands nonproductive or unfertile.
The other reason that may trigger the soil sodicity is extreme groundwater abstraction. The negative aquifer pressure in the coastal regions causes brackish water intrusion and vertical rise by capillary action (Dillon et al. 2009). Whereas, the increase in soil salinity is a complex phenomenon. Studies showcased the discharge of industrial
