I truly believe that, with advancements in technology, 100 years from now we may have a well-optimized world that works for everyone. Or there may not be any world left to optimize. The choice is ours!
If you are a business leader, this book is for you. If you are a human being, this book is for you. Let's dive in!
CHAPTER 1 Capitalism: The Cult of Self-Sufficiency
Capitalism is an economic system where people and companies make most of the decisions and own most of the property. The means of production are largely or entirely privately owned (by individuals or companies) and operated for profit, rather than owned by the state. The United States practices free-market capitalism, whereby the prices of goods and services are determined by supply and demand (the free market), rather than set artificially by a third party such as the government.
You may be wondering why this book starts with this topic in Chapter 1. Well, anything and everything technology- or systems-related that we discuss in this book has developmental incentives and motivations largely aligned with capitalism. You will hear capitalistic power echoing through every chapter in this book. In addition, most negative unintended consequences of technology (UCOTs) strongly correlate with misalignment in incentive structures. That's why capitalism is covered in Chapter 1. The nature of capitalism and the UCOTs caused by it and consumerism set the stage for all the topics covered in this book.
A QUICK HISTORY OF CAPITALISM
Technology in the scientific and industrial revolutions transformed humanity's understanding of the world. Technology transformed our ability as humans to alter that same world. And this altering of our world is now aligned and heavily driven by a major force, known as capitalism.
The history of capitalism is diverse and has many debated roots. Scholars tend to cite that the first stage of capitalism came about during the 16th and the 17th centuries, when merchants gradually became more involved in the production of goods by supplying materials and paying wages. Traders from the towns started to move to the countryside, supplying the peasants and the craftsmen with money, convincing the peasants to produce for the international market. The merchants benefited greatly by making profits from the ownership and control of the means of production. This led to an increase in consumption of goods and services purchased in the market.
By the early 18th century, a complex colonial trade network was established over the North Atlantic Ocean. This network was partially the result of local economic conditions and dominant wind and sea current patterns.
Since dominant wind patterns highly constrained sailing ships, a trading system followed this pattern. Manufactured commodities were exported from Europe, some toward African colonial centers where they would be used to purchase slaves, and some toward the American colonies. This system also included a slave trade, mainly to Central and South American colonies (Brazil and the West Indies), where there was a high demand for labor in plantations and mines. Tropical commodities (e.g. sugar and molasses) produced in plantations flowed to the American colonies and Europe. North America also exported tobacco, furs, indigo (a dye), and lumber (for shipbuilding) to Europe. This trading system collapsed in the 19th century with the introduction of steamships, the end of slavery, and the independence of many of the colonies of the Americas. (Rodrigue, 2013).
In the 19th century, globalization, alongside transport and communication, innovations, and broader institutional changes, allowed worldwide commodities such as cotton, wheat, sugar, tea, butter, silk, flax, and rice to flow. The economic and social conditions were in place for the industrial revolution to explode onto the world's economies. Powered by a number of new inventions, the primitive factory system was transformed, as machine power drove productivity to unprecedented levels. There was a boom in factory production, with all manner of buildings being converted into factories and the majority of waged labor taking place within factory buildings.
It should be said that the industrial revolution saw machines replace many workers and transform the way people worked, lived, and consumed goods. Over time, this continuously convinced us that a person's well-being and happiness depend fundamentally on obtaining goods and material possessions, also known as consumerism.
American capitalism, combined with consumerism, really hit in the roaring 1920s, which was a decade of huge prosperity fueled by the advancements of two automobile titans in the 1910s and 1920s. Ford's and GM's inventions of the automobile and introduction of automated assembly lines transformed American manufacturing into a mass-production machine.
Then came the Great Depression, which was considered the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world, lasting for a full decade. By 1933, the Great Depression reached its lowest point. Some 15 million Americans were unemployed, the stock market had lost almost 90% of its value, and nearly half the country's banks had failed (Ali, 2016; more about capitalism bursts and booms later).
Capitalism survived the Great Depression era, the world got back on its feet, and, when the 1950s hit, there was a second surge of extreme American consumerism. The overall economy grew by 37% during this decade (History.com, 2020). WWII was over and even the government told citizens that they needed to consume more to be “patriotic citizens.” New industries grew out of the huge boom in consumer spending: TV, plastics, jet engines, entertainment media, mass housing, and more. Production of goods like food, cars, clothing, electronics, appliances, and pharmaceuticals all accelerated due to factory-driven mass production.
Fast-forward to the 21st century, with exponential advancements in technology and easy access to information. Pressures of consumerism are everywhere—on our phones, social media platforms, websites, TV shows, movies, billboards, and retail checkouts. We've gone from shopping for necessity, utility, and comfort to overpurchasing for validation and stress relief.
Over the past 100 years, we've grown to believe that having more stuff is tantamount to happiness, a never-ending comparison of one's inside with someone else's outside. What we own and purchase defines our current social norms of success. The problem is, all this overconsumption is not making us happier. In fact, it's making us, and our planet, sicker and more unhappy than ever. The forces of capitalism and consumerism have us all addicted to mass consumption—on steroids.
WHERE WE ARE NOW
If you are not in the top 1% (folks who own the majority of the world's wealth), it's very easy to see how capitalism is not working for you. Many want it replaced or at least reconfigured to a hybrid system that works for more people. However, there are so many scars on the U.S. psyche from the communist regimes and conflicts of the USSR that proposing anything new or different from capitalism instantaneously makes you a communist or a socialist, which is considered a slur.
However, we do need to be thinking about alternative systems. Capitalism is working too well for a very few at the top, not so well for the rest of the world, and increasingly threatening our planet and future.
Taking a closer look at a hybrid of capitalism and socialism as an example, at the time of this writing, this form of government appears to be working well in countries like Germany and the Scandinavian subregion of Northern Europe that includes Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. In addition to being economically strong and stable, these countries rank very high on the World Happiness Index, an annual publication of the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network. The index is a ranking of national happiness based on the respondents' ratings of their own lives, which correlates with various other life factors,
