Gender in History. Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks

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work, while men hunted or later raised animals. In these places, which include large parts of North America and Africa, women appear to have retained some control of the crops they planted, sharing them with group members or giving them as gifts. They developed means of storing and transporting the harvested seeds, including skin bags, carved wooden vessels, baskets, and pottery. Women in these areas occasionally inherited land or the rights to farm certain pieces of land directly, or boys inherited land through their mother’s brothers, both of which are termed matrilineal systems of inheritance. This division of labor and these systems of inheritance were often misunderstood by colonial conquerors, who then tried to enforce their own division of labor. In North America and Africa, for example, Europeans assumed men were the primary agricultural producers, and developed various plans to make indigenous men better farmers; they often introduced patrilineal inheritance laws at the same time, through which land passed from father to son. Such schemes generally failed to convince men that they should farm, though male elites generally welcomed patrilineal inheritance systems.

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      Notes

      1

      Joan Scott, “Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis,” American Historical Review, 91:5 (1986), 1053–75; citation 1067.

      2

      In Barbara Smith, ed., Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1983), pp. 264–74; citation 264.

      3

      Lynn Hunt, Writing History in the Global Era (New York: Norton, 2015), p. 39.

      4

      Translated and quoted in Charlotte Furth, A Flourishing Yin: Gender in China’s Medical History, 960–1665 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999), p. 45.

      5

      Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Women (London: Penguin Books, 1982), p. 293.

      6

      Nancy Ward (Nanye’hi), “Speech to the U.S. Treaty Commissioners,” in Lisa L. Moore, Joanna Brooks, and Caroline Wigginton, eds., Transatlantic Feminisms in the Age of Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 180.

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Notes

1

Joan Scott, “Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis,” American Historical Review, 91:5 (1986), 1053–75; citation 1067.

2

In Barbara Smith, ed., Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1983), pp. 264–74; citation 264.

3

Lynn Hunt, Writing History in the Global Era (New York: Norton, 2015), p. 39.

4

Translated and quoted in Charlotte Furth, A Flourishing Yin: Gender in China’s Medical History, 960–1665 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999), p. 45.

5

Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Women (London: Penguin Books, 1982), p. 293.

6

Nancy Ward (Nanye’hi), “Speech to the U.S. Treaty Commissioners,” in Lisa L. Moore, Joanna Brooks, and Caroline Wigginton, eds., Transatlantic Feminisms in the Age of Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 180.

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