1.10 Unfired boiler [1].Figure 1.11 Open to solar drying system method.Figure 1.12 Direct solar energy crop drying method.Figure 1.13 Forced circulation system method.Figure 1.14 Schematic figure of photovoltaic module.2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Classification of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells.Figure 2.2 Single-crystalline PV cells.Figure 2.3 Amorphous silicon PV cell.Figure 2.4 Cadmium telluride PV cell.Figure 2.5 Cadmium indium gallium diselenide PV cell.Figure 2.6 Copper zinc tin sulfide PV cell.Figure 2.7 Dye sensitized PV cell.Figure 2.8 Organic PV cell.Figure 2.9 Perovskite PV cell.Figure 2.10 Polymer photovoltaic cell.Figure 2.11 Quantum dot photovoltaic cell.
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Power generating capacity installed in 2017 [5, 6] (Reproduced and ob...Figure 3.2 Market share of PV panels by technology type (2014-2030) [4, 5, 23, 2...Figure 3.3 PV panel failure rates according to customer complaints [5, 28, 34] (...Figure 3.4 Different types of solar PV recycling processes [5, 40, 41] (Reproduc...Figure 3.5 PV wafers during heating procedure: (a) before heating; (b) after hea...Figure 3.6 Recycling techniques for various types of solar panels [4] (Reproduce...Figure 3.7 The estimated cumulative worldwide solar PV module waste (tonnes) 201...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Different layers in MJC [36].Figure 4.2 Layers of InGaP/GaAs cell—Schematic representation [11].Figure 4.3 Materials, thickness, and doping concentration of various layers in I...Figure 4.4 VI curve of InGaP/GaAs multi-junction solar cell [32].Figure 4.5 Redesigned structure of InGaP/GaAs by employing BSF layer—Schematic r...Figure 4.6 Materials, thickness, and doping concentration of various layers in I...Figure 4.7 VI curve of InGaP/GaAs multi-junction cell with BSF layer [40].Figure 4.8 Vanguard I satellite [60].Figure 4.9 Solar aircraft [61].
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Cell efficiencies of various solar cells.Figure 5.2 Broad classification of perovskite materials.Figure 5.3 (a) Mesoporous n-i-p structure. (b) Inverted p-i-n planar structure. ...Figure 5.4 Perovskite solar cell architecture.Figure 5.5 Fabrication of simple perovskite solar cell.Figure 5.6 Fabrication techniques of perovskite solar cell.Figure 5.7 Various losses in solar cells.Figure 5.8 Control measures for recombination losses in solar cells.
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Solar cell generations [2].Figure 6.2 Number of publications per year from literature, advanced search usin...Figure 6.3 Schematic diagram of a dye-sensitized solar cell [10].Figure 6.4 Types of plant pigments [2].Figure 6.5 Possible bonding schemes of some anthocyanin molecules to TiO2 surfac...Figure 6.6 FTIR spectra of the dyes extracts: (a) cassia tora and cassia alata a...Figure 6.7 Absorption spectra of the extracted dyes [52].Figure 6.8 Absorption spectra of mixture [57].Figure 6.9 Absorption spectra of (a) undoped and Na doped TiO2 films, (b) Kigeli...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Organic solar cell operation.Figure 7.2 Single layer OPV cell.Figure 7.3 Bilayer solar cell.Figure 7.4 Bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells.Figure 7.5 Traditional equivalent circuit model for solar cell.Figure 7.6 Structure of some important electron-donor materials [11].Figure 7.7 Structure of some new electron-acceptor materials [11].
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Comprehensive strategy for the production and processing of inorganic...Figure 8.2 Schematic representation of high speed vibration milling (ball millin...Figure 8.3 Schematic representation of the friction consolidation setup.Figure 8.4 Diagrammatic representation of sol-gel process.Figure 8.5 Diagrammatic representation of sol-gel process.Figure 8.6 Schematic drawing of spray pyrolysis for the production of nanopowder...Figure 8.7 Experimental design of LP-PLA for the synthesis of nanoparticles.Figure 8.8 Schematic representations of electrospinning and electrospraying tech...Figure 8.9 Schematic picture of gas and inert gas condensation setup.Figure 8.10 Schematic representation of gas-phase flame spray pyrolysis.
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Diagrammatic illustration of fundamental principles of a p-n junction...Figure 9.2 Schematic representation of electrical equivalent circuits of solar c...Figure 9.3 (a) Figure showing the two-step spin-coating, adapted from ref. [48],...Figure 9.4 (a) Illustration of the Slot-Die coating technique, adopted from ref....Figure 9.5 The bandgap energy as well as the crystal structure comparison for va...Figure 9.6 (a) % transmittance vs. sheet resistance plot of graphene as a functi...Figure 9.7 (a) Diagrammatic illustration of a typical OSC device structure and f...Figure 9.8 (a) Diagrammatic illustration of a typical OSC device with graphene e...Figure 9.9 Schematic representation of direct and inverted PSCs with planner and...Figure 9.10 (a) Diagrammatic illustration of working principle of a general DSSC...Figure 9.11 Photocurrent density vs. voltage curves of the DSSCs where the count...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Classification of solar cells.Figure 10.2 (a) Schematic diagram of the constructed solar cell and (b) I–V char...Figure 10.3 Surface reflectance (a) and I–Vcharacteristics curves (b) of thin fi...Figure 10.4 Schematic representation of spin coating processes with single and d...Figure 10.5 Schematic representation of atmospheric pressure chemical vapor depo...
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Thin film deposition techniques.Figure 11.2 Sol-gel deposition techniques.Figure 11.3 Schematic diagram of X-ray diffraction.Figure 11.4 Schematic diagram of Bragg diffraction.Figure 11.5 Schematic representation of FTIR.Figure 11.6 Photography image of TGA and DTA (Source: CRF Laboratory, IIT Kharag...Figure 11.7 UV-vis spectrometer.Figure 11.8 Schematic representation of FE-SEM.Figure 11.9 Schematic representation of HR-TEM.Figure 11.10 Schematic diagram of AFM.Figure 11.11 Four probe method.
12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 The components of solar panel [19].Figure 12.2 Reflection of sunlight rays from cover glass and cell of solar panel...Figure 12.3 Phenomenon of reflection loss elimination through ARC on solar cell.Figure 12.4 Mechanism of reflection loss in multilayer ARC.Figure 12.5 Classification of anti-reflection coating.Figure 12.6 Behavior of light rays on the normal flat and textured surface.Figure 12.7 Systematic process of spin coating technique using sol-gel.Figure 12.8 Three stages of the dip coating technique using sol-gel.Figure 12.9 Process of sol-gel coating through meniscus technique.Figure 12.10 Solar cell coating with help of thermal evaporation PVD method.Figure 12.11 Anti-reflection coating through electron beam PVD method.Figure 12.12 Image of (a) DC magnetron sputtering technique and (b) RF magnetron...Figure 12.13 Chemical vapor deposition method by hot wall CVD and LPCVD is repre...Figure 12.14 ARC coating through electrospinning technique.Figure 12.15 The mechanism of the spray pyrolysis technique for ARC coating is r...Figure 12.16 Working procedure of the lithography technique to coat ARC on solar...Figure 12.17 Comparison of reflectance (%) measured from both front and back of ...Figure 12.18 (a) Reflectance (%) vs. wavelength (nm) graph comparing the result ...Figure 12.19 Reflection (%) vs. wavelength (nm) graph of bare glass substrate an...
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