Electrical Safety Engineering of Renewable Energy Systems. Rodolfo Araneo
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Electrical Safety Engineering of Renewable Energy Systems
Rodolfo Araneo
University of RomeRome, Italy
Massimo Mitolo
Irvine Valley College Irvine, California
This edition first published 2022
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© 2022 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Araneo, Rodolfo, author. | Mitolo, Massimo A. G., author. | John
Wiley & Sons, publisher.
Title: Electrical safety engineering of renewable energy systems / Rodolfo
Araneo, Massimo Mitolo.
Description: Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons, 2022. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021025391 (print) | LCCN 2021025392 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119624981 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119624998 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119625018 (epub)
| ISBN 9781119625056 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Electric apparatus and appliances--Safety measures. |
Renewable energy sources--Safety measures.
Classification: LCC TK152 .A73 2022 (print) | LCC TK152 (ebook) |
DDC 621.3028/9--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021025391
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021025392
Cover image: © oxygen/Getty
Cover design by Wiley
Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Integra Software Services, Pondicherry, India.
Contents
1 Cover
4 Preface
6 1 Fundamental Concepts of Electrical Safety Engineering1.1 Introduction1.2 Electric Shock1.2.1 Ventricular Fibrillation1.2.2 The Heart-current Factor1.3 The Electrical Impedance of the Human Body1.3.1 The Internal Resistance of the Human Body1.4 Thermal Shock1.5 Heated Surfaces of Electrical Equipment and Contact Burn Injuries1.6 Ground-Potential and Ground-Resistance1.6.1 Area of Influence of a Ground-electrode1.7 Hemispherical Electrodes in Parallel1.8 Hemispherical Electrodes in Series1.9 Person’s Body Resistance-to-ground and Touch Voltages1.10 Identification of Extraneous-Conductive-Parts1.11 Measuring Touch Voltages
7 2 Safety-by-Design Approach in AC/DC Systems2.1 Introduction2.2 Class I PV Equipment2.3 Class II PV Equipment2.4 Ground Faults and Ground Fault Protection2.5 Functionally Grounded PV Systems2.6 Non-Ground-Referenced PV Systems2.7 Ground-Referenced PV Systems2.8 Fire Hazard in Ground-Referenced PV Systems2.9 Faults at Loads Downstream the PV Inverter in Ground-Referenced PV Systems2.10 Non-Electrically Separated PV System2.11 PV Systems Wiring Methods and Safety2.12 d.c. Currents and Safety2.13 Electrical Safety of PV Systems2.14 Rapid-Shutdown of PV Arrays on Buildings2.15 Hazard and Risk
8 3 Grounding and Bonding3.1 Introduction3.2 Basic Concepts of Grounding Systems: The Ground Rod3.3 The Maxwell Method3.4 Multiple Rods: Mutual Resistance3.5 Ground Rings and Ground Grid3.6 Complex Arrangements: Rings and Ground Grids Combined with Rods and Horizontal Electrodes
9 4 Lightning Protection Systems4.1 Review of Natural Lightning Physics, Modeling and Protection4.2 Lightning Protection of PV Systems4.2.1 Ground-Mounted PV Systems4.2.2 Rooftop Mounted PV Systems4.2.3 Protection against Overvoltage4.2.4 Surge Protective Devices (SPDs)4.3