CCP in a PV plant (b).Figure 5.3 Radial collection configuration.Figure 5.4 Single-sided ring collection configuration.Figure 5.5 Double-sided ring collection configuration.Figure 5.6 Multi ring collection configuration.Figure 5.7 Star collection configuration.Figure 5.8 RMU (a) and CCP (b) switchgear with trapped-key interlocks.Figure 5.9 Examples of regular PV cluster (a) and irregular wind farm cluster (b).Figure 5.10 Examples of connection with directly buried cables.Figure 5.11 Connection infrastructure of a wind farm: MV connection to the HV/MV...Figure 5.12 Access tracks used for the construction of a wind farm.Figure 5.13 Cable tray with brackets secured to an existing bridge.Figure 5.14 Twisted three-core cable, or triplex.Figure 5.15 General layouts for offshore wind farms: (a)...Figure 5.16 Configurations for the d.c. grid of an offshore...Figure 5.17 Charging modes.Figure 5.18 Plugs: (a) Type 01, (b) Type 2, (c) Type CCS-1, (d) Type CCS-2, (e) CHAdeMO.Figure 5.19 Coordinated LPS and SPD system for EV charging stations.6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Wenner electrode arrangement. A and B denote the current electrodes,....Figure 6.2 IRIS Syscal Pro equipment. .Figure 6.3 Establishment of a 2D electrical resistivity pseudo-section with the Wenner method.Figure 6.4 CVES data obtained through commercial software Surfer (a) and RES2DINV (b) .Figure 6.5 Point electrode source and its infinite images in a two-layered soil model....Figure 6.6 Resistivity measured at a utility-scale PV system in Abruzzo region (Italy).Figure 6.7 Establishment of a 2D electrical resistivity pseudo-section with...Figure 6.8 Ground resistance and mesh voltage of a groundi grid with four meshes...Figure 6.9 Ground rod intwo-layer soil....Figure 6.10 Fall-of-potential method....Figure 6.11 Ground resistance measurements of utility-scale PV plants.Figure 6.12 Overlapping and non-overlapping shells of grounding resistance....Figure 6.13 Star-delta configuration....Figure 6.14 Measuring RG with the potentiometer method.
7 Appendix 1Figure 1 Typical grounding system arrangement:...Figure 2 Section of the discretized model:...Figure 3 Stratified ground...
8 Appendix 2Figure 1 MV cable damaged by termites.Figure 2 Circuit diagram for Murray bridge method.Figure 3 Connection of three-point voltage drop measurement for dc systems.Figure 4 Voltage-drop method connection diagram for jacket fault locating.Figure 5 Nylon Cable.Figure 6 Anti-termite resistant cable equipped with aluminum screen.
List of Tables
1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Heart-current factor F for different current pathsTable 1.2 Body impedances and resistances for a current path hand-to-handTable 1.3 Electrical conductivity σ of biological tissuesTable 1.4 Standard contact durationsTable 1.8 Temperature limits in normal service for accessible parts of equipment
2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Maximum disconnection times.Table 2.2 Residual or ground current thresholds and response time.Table 2.3 Rated current of overcurrent protection in the...Table 2.4 Description of the time/current zones for d.c. currents.
3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Formulae for the ground resistance of basic horizontal ground electrodes.
4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Main lightning stroke parameters for different IEC protection levels.Table 4.2 Sources of damage.Table 4.3 Types of damage.Table 4.4 Types of loss.Table 4.5 Risk components.Table 4.6 Location factor...Table 4.7 Environmental factor...
5 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Typical soil resistivity of various types of soil.Table 6.2 Some of the most common used electrode configurations...
Guide
1 Cover
4 Table of Contents
5 Preface
8 Appendix 1: Performance of Grounding Systems in Transient Conditions
9 Appendix 2: Cable Failures in Renewable Energy Systems
10 Index
Pages
1 i
2 ii
3 iii
4 iv
5 v
6 vi
7 vii
8 viii
9 ix
10 x
11 xi
12 xii
13 1
14 2
