were in, Martha would not only host dinners for the officers but also help the regular foot soldiers, taking care of the wounded.
In addition, Martha was a master seamstress and put her skills to good use sewing socks and mending clothing for the freezing soldiers. Although she wasn’t knitting fancy tapestry and doing embroidery as most proper ladies did in the 18th century, she was doing important work and literally knitted thousands of socks. Soon, she became a house mother and foster mother to young officers and regular troops.
Martha even encouraged other officers to bring their wives and daughters to come and visit and help out. She managed to entertain at Valley Forge, despite the freezing cold and lack of food, and impressed French and German officers fighting for George Washington in the American army. When the Marquis de Lafayette met her, his impression was that Martha had amazing charm and truly must love her husband, because she sacrificed so much spending harsh winters with him and his soldiers.
Finally, in 1783, the Revolutionary War ended, and Martha was able to return to her beloved Mount Vernon.
Going First: From Lady Washington to First Lady
It wasn’t a dream of Martha’s to be First Lady. She enjoyed living quietly with George at their Mount Vernon estate in Virginia. Unlike Abigail Adams or Dolley Madison (see Chapter 4), Martha didn’t enjoy getting involved in politics or constantly hosting parties.
However, Martha had been raised to be a Southern elite woman, and this involved hosting social events. Even though this was not one of her favorite parts of the job she was very good at it and after retirement, she and George continued to host hundreds of people at Mount Vernon.
After the Revolutionary War had been won, Martha wanted to return to the quietness of Mount Vernon, but again her fate was to be different. Instead of enjoying the quiet life on her plantation in Virginia, George Washington became president in 1789, and Martha had to move to the temporary capital of New York City. She was quite unhappy about the move, preferring to stay at Mount Vernon. When asked about her new position as First Lady (see Figure 3-2), she stated:
Source: Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, Reproduction number LC-DIG-bellcm-25569 (digital file from original)
FIGURE 3-2: Martha Dandridge Custis Washington.
In a letter, Martha wrote that she had expected that she and George would be left to grow old in solitude and tranquility together at Mount Vernon and called the change of course a disappointment. In fact, it was not until George was 65 and Martha 66 that they were able to go back into retirement.
Learning her way
In 1789, Martha undertook an 11-day trip to New York City from her home in Virginia, to meet up with newly elected President George Washington. When she arrived, she was celebrated like a queen. There were fireworks, a 13-gun salute, and people shouting, “Long Live Lady Washington!” At this point, she knew that the presidential spouse had a public role to play in American society. On their way to their rented house on Cherry Street in New York City, people even lined the streets and chanted her name.
As First Lady, Martha hosted formal dinners for Members of Congress, foreign diplomats, and members of the wealthy elites in New York City every Thursday and then public receptions for the common people each Friday. Anyone of good standing, meaning that they had to be decently dressed, could attend. This included not only politicians and the wealthy but also the average American.
Starting traditions
In 1790, the capital was moved to Philadelphia. Martha was happier there, making more friends, but she still missed Mount Vernon.
Early presidential wives not only served as hostesses but were also a link to Congress, foreign diplomats, and the American people. Custom directed that a lady had to return all the calling cards left by other ladies. Therefore, if the wife of a new member of Congress left her card at the presidential mansion, the First Lady had to return the call, meaning she had to visit the Congressman’s wife. Martha returned each visit usually within three days. This function was important because it was not only expected but could be used to establish good will with members of Congress.
Other functions were to represent the president at public events when the president wasn’t available or to accept gifts on his behalf. For example, on several occasions when President Washington was ill, Martha attended church on his behalf, and when the City of New York wanted to give him a fancy carriage as a gift, he didn’t accept it but Martha did.
Martha soon realized that in the role of First Lady, she could participate in the president’s role as Head of State. In this function, she could represent the United States both domestically and also internationally, by hosting foreign diplomats in the White House.
Taking sides
George Washington’s second term turned out to be a major disappointment for Martha. Their good friends James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and Thomas Jefferson started political infighting within the administration, and the two-party system
