Soviet period – Tr.]8 8. There are not many works available in this area, but the most significant is, Francis X. Blouin and William G. Rosenberg, Processing the Past….
9 9. On the status of the document in the digital age, see David M. Levy, Scrolling Forward…; Michael K. Buckland, What Is a “Document”?…, pp. 804–9.
10 10. Status dokumenta…, Ot redaktora, Irina Kaspe, p. 6.
11 11. No English word exists that has the same precise significance of the Russian dokumentnoye, ‘pertaining to identity documents’; accordingly, we have assigned this meaning to the obsolete word ‘documental’ (‘of or pertaining to documents’, Oxford English Dictionary).
12 12. On the ‘paper’ nature of documents, see Galina Orlova, Izobretaya dokument…, pp. 19–52.
13 13. It should be noted, however, that this has not always been the case in every bureaucracy. In France, for example, it is still usual for any address to official bodies to be handwritten.
14 14. S.I. Gindin, Vnutrennyaya organizatsiya teksta…, pp. 3–15.
15 15. On the attitude to the written word in peasant culture, see Albert Baiburin, Zametki k teme…, pp. 106–9.
16 16. Galina Orlova, Izobretaya dokument…, p. 37.
17 17. It is also probably worth taking into consideration that texts that develop the idea of the ‘independence’ of the document work only against the background of the mass of identity written into them and precede them as evidence. I am grateful to Georgi Levinton for bringing this to my attention.
18 18. Another institution that claims to be the protector of the truth is science, which much more recently has played its role in the documentation of culture. It is significant that in his work, The Law Factory, the French philosopher, Bruno Latour, constantly draws parallels between the law and science. See Bruno Latour, La fabrique du droit….
19 19. David M. Levy, Scrolling Forward…, p. 23.
20 20. Viktor Vakhshtein considers that documents (as opposed to texts) are ‘instruments for the production of absurdity’. See Viktor Vakhshtein, Proizvodstvo absurda v universitetye…, p. 382.
21 21. On the falsification of documents, see, for example, E. Vasilieva, Legal’niye I nelgal’niye dokumenty…, pp. 27–39; E. Vasilieva, Sotsial’niye aspekty fal’sifikatsii…, pp. 103–22.
22 22. Some interesting thoughts on this topic appear in an article published in Zhivoy Zhurnal, david_gor., ‘Ustanovleniye lichnosti’….
23 23. B.V. Drozdov, Lichnaya svoboda….
24 24. According to Lev Gudkov, in his work Trust in Russia, published in 2012, ‘in the period when sociology was becoming recognized as a discipline (1900–1920s), trust, along with other forms of social interaction … was one of the main categories used to measure the integration of social structures’; Lev Gudkov, Doveriye v Rossii….
25 25. Piotr Sztompka, Trust: A Sociological Theory; ‘Trust and Distrust in the USSR’, Special Issue of Slavonic and East European Review, pp. 1–154; Geoffrey Hosking, ‘Trust and distrust…’; Niklas Luhmann, Trust and Power…; Joseph S. Berliner, Factory and Manager…; Yoram Gorlizki, ‘Too much trust…’.
26 26. Dmitry Kalugin, Review of Status dokumenta….
27 27. [Blat, ‘pull’ or ‘graft’ (originally criminal slang), was a peculiarly Soviet concept, born out of a society where shortages of all kinds of goods and foodstuffs was the norm. Blat could produce a whole network of interdependent actions, depending on who had access to what and who might need it. Such a system does not normally exist in a consumer society, though times of crisis such as wartime and pandemics may generate short-term analogies – Tr.]
28 28. [Kompromat is a Russian word meaning ‘compromising material held by one person against another’. In Soviet times, this suggested politically compromising material – Tr.] For more information, see also Aliona Ledeneva, Russia’s Economy of Favours…; Aliona Ledeneva, ‘The genealogy of krugovaia poruka…’; Diego Gambetta, Codes of the Underworld….
29 29. In particular, see Max Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft….
30 30. Pierre Bourdieu, (English translation) From the King’s House to the Reason of State: A Model of the Genesis of the Bureaucratic Field, https://ru.scribd.com/document/283196614/From-the-Kings-House-to-the-Reason-of-State-a-Model-of-the-Genesis-of-the-Bureaucratic-Field, accessed 18 October 2020.
31 31. On the link between modernity and a sharp rise in the significance of state systems of government, see Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity…. For the Soviet idea of modernity, see David Shearer, ‘Modernity and backwardness on the Soviet frontier…’.
32 32. Michel Foucault, Society Must Be Defended…; Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison…; Pierre Bourdieu, Sotsiologiya sotsial’nogo prostranstva….
33 33. Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence…, p. 46.
34 34. Rogers Brubaker and Frederick Cooper, ‘Beyond “identity”’, p. 86.
35 35. Ibid., p. 87.
36 36. Rom Harré, Personal Being….
37 37. Sheila Fitzpatrick, Tear Off the Masks!…, p. 14.
38 38. Igal Halfin and Jochen Hellbeck, Interview, p. 222 (in Russian).
39 39. Jochen Hellbeck, Revolution on My Mind…; Jochen Hellbeck, ‘Working, struggling, becoming’…. This position was strongly criticized by Svetlana Boym, who doubted the reliability of Hellbeck’s research. She considered it to have been carried out using a limited amount of material and from an insufficiently reflective methodological and theoretical position. See Svetlana Boym, ‘Kak sdelana sovietskaya sub”yektivnost’?’….
40 40. Oleg Kharkhordin, Oblichat’ i litsemerit’: genealogiya….
41 41. Oleg Kharkhordin, ‘Oblichat’ i litsemerit’ – eto po-russki’….
42 42. For the public and the private in connection with telephone numbers, see Ilya Kukulin, ‘Odomashnivaniye…’.
43 43. Oleg Kharkhordin, for example, points out that in Stalin’s time, ‘the system was concerned not with the citizens’ feelings, but with their public behaviour’; Oblichat’ i litsemerit’: genealogiya…, p. 361.
44 44. Michel de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life….
45 45. Details can be found at https://www.history.ox.ac.uk/identinet; the site http://identinet.org.uk/ is no longer accessible. In particular, see Documenting Individual Identity….
46 46. John Torpey, The Invention of the Passport…; also the article by John Torpey, ‘The Great War…’.
47 47. B.V. Ananich, ‘Iz istorii zakonodatel’stva…’; Yevgeny Anisimov, Podatnaya reforma Pyotra I….
48 48.
