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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Lin, Chia‐Shu, 1976– author.
Title: Dental neuroimaging : the role of the brain in oral functions / Chia‐Shu Lin.
Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley‐Blackwell, 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021047940 (print) | LCCN 2021047941 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119724209 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119724254 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781119724230 (epub)
Subjects: MESH: Stomatognathic System–diagnostic imaging | Neuroimaging–methods | Brain Mapping–methods
Classification: LCC RK308 (print) | LCC RK308 (ebook) | NLM WU 102 | DDC 617.5/22–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021047940 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021047941
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Images: Courtesy of Chia‐Shu Lin; © KJ_Photography/Shutterstock
This book is dedicated to my parents, for their love and caring, my wife, I‐ting, and our children, Yuan‐han and Yi‐hsien, who are my inspiration.
List of Figures
| 1.1 | The association between the brain and the stomatognathic system. The traditional perspective highlights the brain as a ‘systemic factor’ associated with oral health, just like the factors related to other body systems. The functional perspective highlights that the brain and mental functions guided by the brain play an essential role in stomatognathic functions. |
| 1.2 | A general view of the neural circuitries of the brain mechanisms of orofacial functions. The circuitries between the central and peripheral sites (i.e. pathways labelled in blue and red) are investigated primarily via animal models. Notably, the circuitries within the brain (i.e. the intracortical pathways labelled in black) have not been fully elucidated. Source: Avivi-Arber and Sessle (2018).Reproduced with permission of John Wiley and Sons. |
| 1.3 | Theoretical frameworks of the association between the brain, oral functions and behaviour. (a) The oral-to-behaviour (OB) framework, (b) the oral-brain-behaviour (OBB) framework and (c) the brain–stomatognathic axis (BSA). |
| 2.1 | The general concept of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) mechanism. (a) Transportation of oxygenated haemoglobin during a resting condition, when neural activity is low. (b) Transportation of oxygenated haemoglobin when neural activity increases. The neurons demand more energy by consuming oxygen provided by oxygenated haemoglobin. Via a complex haemodynamic process (e.g. an increasing rate and volume of cerebral flow), the amount of oxygenated haemoglobin increases (relatively to the amount of deoxygenated haemoglobin), leading to an over-supply or compensation of the oxygen demand from neurons. |
| 2.2 | Examples of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) investigation of chewing movement. (a) The first-level analysis. In a chewing experiment, the task conditions (i.e. when subjects are chewing) are contrasted to the baseline conditions (i.e. when subjects are resting). Brain activation reflects the difference in blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals in the task vs. the baseline condition. The first-level analysis focuses on the pattern of brain activation at the individual subject. (b) The second-level analysis. The second-level analysis focuses on the association between brain activation and individual variability. The association can be explored by investigating the correlation between brain activation and individual performance or comparing brain activation between different clinical groups. |
| 2.3 | Methodological considerations of a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. (a) Subjects may show great inter-individual variability in their general conditions, such as sex, age and general physical/psychological conditions. (b) Subjects may show great inter-individual variability in their personal trait and performance (e.g. pain ratings) related to an experimental task. (c) Subjects differ in brain morphology. When individual brains are compared, the individual images are normalized to a template image, using linear transformation (i.e. translation, rotation, resizing and shearing) and nonlinear transformation approaches. |
| 2.4 |
Statistical analysis at the individual level and the group level. (a) The analysis at the individual level focuses on the association between task progression and the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) time series, as shown in the left panel. For each voxel, a strong association indicates that the BOLD signals of the voxel can be predicted by the task condition, in contrast to the baseline condition (e.g. Voxel A), as shown in the right panel. (b) The analysis at the group level focuses on the association between brain features (e.g. brain activation of grey matter volume) and group factors. The association may reflect the difference in brain features between patient and control groups (the left panel) or the correlation between brain features and clinical factors (the right panel). (c) A typical image result consists of the statistical values (e.g. the t-score) from multiple voxels (represented as the grid), which are
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