[2].FIGURE 2.5 Inter‐frame Space relationships [2].FIGURE 2.6 Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance‐based frame tra...FIGURE 2.7 Distributed MIMO communication with beamforming [20].FIGURE 2.8 SU‐MIMO versus MU‐MIMO.FIGURE 2.9 5GHz spectrum usability for IEEE 802.11ac LANs.FIGURE 2.10 Space–time block coding [2].3 Chapter 3FIGURE 3.1 Basic cellular and DAS setup.FIGURE 3.2 Examples of base station architectures. Top: traditional. Bottom:...FIGURE 3.3 Hoteling concept for RRUs.FIGURE 3.4 Frequency reuse [11].FIGURE 3.5 Block diagram depicting architecture of a typical LTE/EPC environ...FIGURE 3.6 CBRS spectrum.FIGURE 3.7 Example of a multi‐antenna transmission embodiment having multipl...FIGURE 3.8 General DAS concept [37].FIGURE 3.9 A DAS system using digital remote antenna units [38].FIGURE 3.10 In‐building installation of a DAS [39].FIGURE 3.11 BS‐to‐HEU‐RAU connectivity (partially based on [40]).FIGURE 3.12 Illustrative example of carrier‐specific DAS [5].FIGURE 3.13 Illustrative example of carrier‐specific DAS used to better supp...FIGURE 3.14 Possible DAS arrangement for outdoor coverage in 5G environments...FIGURE 3.15 More detailed view of the DAS: two perspectives [2, 39].FIGURE 3.16 RRH sections.FIGURE 3.17 Fronthaul and backhaul.
4 Chapter 4FIGURE 4.1 A logical view of an IoT ecosystem.FIGURE 4.2 Applications scope of IoT/CPS (examples).FIGURE 4.3 Example of IoT ecosystem [50].FIGURE 4.4 OSiRM: open systems IoT reference model (transaction stack).FIGURE 4.5 Typical wireless technologies usable in the IoT context.FIGURE 4.6 The pre‐5G and the 5G IoT connectivity ecosystem.FIGURE 4.7 Example of communication systems in IoT with local aggregation [6...FIGURE 4.8 WAN/LPWAN IoT environment [55].FIGURE 4.9 Dual‐mode systems.FIGURE 4.10 Support of LTE‐M and NB‐IoT under 5G.FIGURE 4.11 Key IoT protocols in a full stack.FIGURE 4.12 The UPnP process for device control.FIGURE 4.13 Example of gateway performing a “bridging” function between non‐...FIGURE 4.14 Typical networking arrangement for smart home services where an ...FIGURE 4.15 Networking arrangement for smart home services where an IoT edge...FIGURE 4.16 IoT Session establishment example [121].
5 Chapter 5FIGURE 5.1 TCO illustrative example.FIGURE 5.2 Basic channel access/management in recent 802.11 specifications [...FIGURE 5.3 Example scenario of an airport with high user density targeted fo...FIGURE 5.4 HE PPDU (data) frameFIGURE 5.5 Trigger frameFIGURE 5.6 Access point supporting beamforming [19].FIGURE 5.7 Concept comparison of a single user using the channel and OFDMA m...FIGURE 5.8 Illustrative 20 MHz spectrum allocation based on resource unit si...FIGURE 5.9 Example of resource unit allocation scheme in 802.11axFIGURE 5.10 Theoretical example of 8 × 8 MU‐MIMO AP using differences in the...FIGURE 5.11 Trigger process implemented by the AP [2].FIGURE 5.12 Beamforming process [2].FIGURE 5.13 MU service negotiation and measurement exchange processFIGURE 5.14 A formal view of VoWi‐Fi (partially based on ETSI 123 402).FIGURE 5.15 Simplified example Wi‐Fi call through a Wi‐Fi AP and block diagr...FIGURE 5.16 5G services under development.FIGURE 5.17 Some technical features of 5G services.FIGURE 5.18 5G transition options and IoT support.FIGURE 5.19 Detailed 5G transition options and IoT support.FIGURE 5.20 Network architecture and interface of a 5G cellular system [32]....FIGURE 5.21 Path loss as a function of distance and frequency.FIGURE 5.22 Attenuation as a function of precipitation and frequency.FIGURE 5.23 Attenuation as a function of fog density and frequency.FIGURE 5.24 Attenuation as a function of atmospheric gasses and frequency (n...FIGURE 5.25 OFDM resources and LTE legacy support [33].FIGURE 5.26 Scenarios of providing 5G services sorted according to usage ban...FIGURE 5.27 Path loss simulations for 5G by various entities.FIGURE 5.28 PLE.FIGURE 5.29 A state‐of‐the‐art integrated system.FIGURE 5.30 Conceptual view of an advanced high‐density high‐impact network....
6 Chapter 6FIGURE 6.1 Social distancing other infection containment and control measure...FIGURE 6.2 Monitoring of people presence and/or density – general concept.FIGURE 6.3 Seat/desk‐specific tags.FIGURE 6.4 Heat maps generated over a time window.FIGURE 6.5 Pictorial view of the Tag‐Based Approach.FIGURE 6.6 RTLS approaches (from [70]). Top: Calculation of location with re...FIGURE 6.7 Illustrative example of an RFID RTLS.FIGURE 6.8 RFID environment (top) and backscatter (bottom) [68].FIGURE 6.9 Various systems for generating location estimates from location i...FIGURE 6.10 PPE article tracking compliance systems [74].
7 Chapter 7FIGURE 7.1 FCC mask for UWB.FIGURE 7.2 Approximate positioning of UWB technology.FIGURE 7.3 Pulse train (Gaussian second derivative pulse).FIGURE 7.4 Various pulse shapes.FIGURE 7.5 Resolvable and unresolvable MPCs.FIGURE 7.6 Examples of modulation.FIGURE 7.7 Transmission systems. Part a: Traditional system. Part b: UWB sys...FIGURE 7.8 IEEE Std 802.15.4 HRP UWB PHY signal flow (top: TX; bottom: RX)....FIGURE 7.9 Protocol layers covered by various UWB standards.FIGURE 7.10 IEEE Std 802.15.4 HRP UWB PPDU.FIGURE 7.11 IEEE Std 802.15.4 HRP UWB PHY symbol structure.FIGURE 7.12 UWB‐based RTLS.FIGURE 7.13 UWB transceiver that is powered by an RF input through an antenn...FIGURE 7.14 UWB positioning techniques.FIGURE 7.15 Comparison of methods.FIGURE 7.16 Example of a tag transmission pulsing sequence for a UWB‐based R...FIGURE 7.17 Example timing diagram for a receiver [50].FIGURE 7.18 UWB OSD modelFIGURE 7.19 UWB apparatus and analyticsFIGURE 7.20 Example of UWB RTLS System, Zebra TechnologyFIGURE 7.21 Airtls product featuresFIGURE 7.22 Pozxy system
8 Chapter 8FIGURE 8.1 Symbology for various technologies.FIGURE 8.2 WLAN/cellular RTLS environmentFIGURE 8.3 Basic WLAN/Wi‐Fi RTLS architecture.FIGURE 8.4 Example of Wi‐Fi‐based RTLS [16].FIGURE 8.5 Mode of operation of a Wi‐Fi‐based RTLS [17].FIGURE 8.6 Forecast of the deployment of Bluetooth technology.FIGURE 8.7 Simple BLE RTLS setup.FIGURE 8.8 More complex BLE RTLS setup (loosely based on [43]).FIGURE 8.9 Another conceptual view of a BLE RTLS [3].FIGURE 8.10 Typical beacon elements.FIGURE 8.11 Examples of BLE beacons.FIGURE 8.12 Example of RTLS tags for OSD/ODCMAFIGURE 8.13 Mist (Juniper Networks) vBLE concept (courtesy).FIGURE 8.14 OTDOA approach for LTE [54].FIGURE 8.15 Example of DAS‐based system [54].
9 Chapter 9FIGURE 9.1 Aerial view showing the terminal and concourses of the airport.FIGURE 9.2 BWI services obtainable over the new network.FIGURE 9.3 New network infrastructure.FIGURE 9.4 Exemplary plot for LTE.FIGURE 9.5 Access/aggregation design using Cluster Network Controller over p...FIGURE 9.6 Machine learning analyzes data and provides insight, such as root...FIGURE 9.7 Sample reports.
10 Chapter 10FIGURE 10.1 (Also shown as Figure 1.9): INET‐v6: A Wireless SuperNetwork (Wi...FIGURE 10.2 Present mode of operation (left hand side) and evolving future m...FIGURE 10.3 The three key dimensions of a WiSNET.FIGURE 10.4 MyBWI‐FI SuperNetwork at the Baltimore, MD airport.FIGURE 10.5 The digital transformation of a high‐density network – The BWI W...FIGURE 10.6 Simple, unified hierarchical WiSNET architecture.FIGURE 10.7 Slice environment (modified from [12] and [13]). NF: network fun...
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