style="font-size:15px;"> 13 5 Multi-PB Massive WET5.1 On the PBs Deployment5.1.1 Positioning-aware Deployments5.1.2 Positioning-agnostic Deployments5.2 Multi-antenna Energy Beamforming5.2.1 Centralized Energy Beamforming5.2.2 Distributed Energy Beamforming5.2.3 Available RF Energy5.3 Distributed CSI-free WET5.3.1 SA, AA–IS and RPS–EMW5.3.2 AA–SS5.3.3 RAB5.3.4 Positioning-aware CSI-free Schemes5.3.5 Numerical Examples5.4 On the Deployment Costs5.5 Final Remarks14 6 Wireless-powered Communication Networks6.1 WPCN Models6.2 Reliable Single-user WPCN6.2.1 Harvest-then-transmit (HTT)6.2.2 Allowing Energy Accumulation6.2.3 HTT versus FEIPC6.3 Multi-user Resource Allocation6.3.1 Signal Model6.3.2 Problem Formulation6.3.3 Optimization Framework6.3.4 TDMA versus SDMA6.4 Cognitive MAC6.4.1 Time Sharing and Scheduling6.4.2 MAC Protocol at the Device Side6.4.3 MAC Protocol at the HAP Side6.5 Final Remarks
15 7 Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer7.1 SWIPT Schemes7.2 Separate EH and ID Receivers7.2.1 Problem Formulation7.2.2 Optimal Solution7.2.3 Performance Results7.3 Co-located EH and ID Receivers7.3.1 Time Switching7.3.2 Power splitting7.3.3 TS versus PS7.4 Enablers for Efficient SWIPT7.4.1 Waveform Optimization7.4.2 Multicarrier SWIPT7.4.3 Cooperative Relaying7.4.4 Interference Exploitation7.4.5 Artificial Intelligence7.5 Final Considerations
16 8 Final Notes8.1 Summary8.2 Future Research Directions
17 A A Brief Overview on Finite Block Length CodingA.1 Finite Block Length Model
18 B Distribution of Transferred RF Energy Under CSI-free WETB.1 Proof of Theorem 4.2B.2 Proof of Theorem 4.4
19 C Clustering AlgorithmsC.1 Partitioning MethodsC.1.1 K-MeansC.1.2 K-MedoidsC.1.3 K-ModesC.2 Hierarchical MethodsC.3 Other MethodsC.4 Pre-processing
20 D Required SNR for a Target Decoding Error Probability (Proof of Theorem 6.1)D.1 On the Convergence of Algorithm 3
21 Bibliography
22 Index
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 IoT connectivity growth trends (2015-2026).Figure 1.2 Estimate of the number of connected...Figure 1.3 Illustrative massive IoT use-cases.Figure 1.4 Comparison of LPWA technologies in terms...Figure 1.5 KPIs for massive IoT.
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 RF–WET system.Figure 2.2 Harvested power versus RF input power...Figure 2.3 General architectures of...Figure 2.4 RF EH for IoT use cases,...Figure 2.5 Enabling efficient WET via...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Energy outage probability under each...Figure 3.2 Single-band, multi-band and....Figure 3.3 Linearly polarized RF power...Figure 3.4 Average statistics of S...Figure 3.5 Snapshot of the system model in a...Figure 3.6 Energy coverage probability for...Figure 3.7 Meta distribution of the harvested energy...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Average worst-case RF energy available...Figure 4.2 (a) Average worst-case RF energy...Figure 4.3 Average worst-case RF energy...Figure 4.4 (a) β....Figure 4.5 β...Figure 4.6 (a)...Figure 4.7 PDF of the harvested energy under...Figure 4.8 Heatmap of the average RF...Figure 4.9 Area coverage for different average...Figure 4.10 Example setup where the IoT...Figure 4.11 Average worst-case harvested energy as a...Figure 5.1 Examples of clustering for a...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.2 Performance of K-Means versus...Figure 5.3 Minimum RF energy availability...Figure 5.4 Average worst-case RF energy...Figure 5.5 Heatmap of the RF energy...Figure 5.6 Complementary CDF (CCDF) of the area...Figure 5.7 Average worst-case RF energy...Figure 5.8 Average worst-case RF energy...Figure 5.9 Average worst-case RF energy...Figure 5.10 Optimum PB orientation....Figure 5.11 Examples of the deployment of...Figure 5.12 Illustration of the deployment of...Figure 5.13 Average worst-case RF energy...Figure 5.14 Example of the deployment cost...Figure 5.15 (a) Minimum average RF energy...Figure 5.16 (a) Optimum number of PBs,...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Basic models of WPCNs:...Figure 6.2 δ as a function...Figure 6.3(a) εoverall...Figure 6.4System performance as a function of...Figure 6.5 εoverall as a...Figure 6.6 WET and WIT scheduling protocol.Figure 6.7 EH transfer function and conversion...Figure 6.8 (a) Optimum energy consumption (top)...Figure 6.9 Optimum energy consumption as a...Figure 6.10 Optimum energy consumption as a function...Figure 6.11 Green wireless powered....Figure 6.12 Illustration of the time sharing...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Receiver schemes for SWIPT: (a)...Figure 7.2 (a) Average rank of Wopt....Figure 7.3 Average optimum HAP transmit power...Figure 7.4 Average optimum HAP transmit power (....Figure 7.5 Average optimum HAP transmit energy....Figure 7.6 (a) Optimum WET TS/PS coefficient....Figure 7.7 (a) Optimum WET TS/PS coefficient (top),...Figure 7.8 (a) Antenna equivalent circuit (left),...
List of Tables
1 Chapter 2Table 2.1. Comparison of the main EH sourcesTable 2.2. Analytical EH transfer functionsTable 2.3. State-of-the-art (2015-2020) EH circuits...Table 2.4. State-of-the-art (2015-2020) EH circuits...
2 Chapter 3Table 3.1. Experimental data of RF–EHTable 3.2. Key energy usage protocolsTable 3.3. Results of Greater London (2012) RF measurementsTable 3.4. Results of the Diyarbakir (2014) RF measurementsTable 3.5. PDF and CDF of X...Table 3.6. Average power harvested by single-band devicesTable 3.7. Default values for system parameters
3 Chapter
