Algebra and Applications 2. Группа авторов
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Suppose first that k = 1, that is t = B+(t1) = t1 → •. Then, we obviously have Fa(t) = Fa(t1) ⊳ a. Suppose now that Fa(s) is unambiguously defined for any tree s with n vertices and k′ branches with k′ ≤ k – 1. The equation:
shows that, if Fa(t) exists, it is uniquely defined by:
What remains to be shown is that this expression does not depend on the choice of the distinguished branch t1. In order to see this, choose a second branch (say t2), and consider the expression:
[1.82]
which is obtained by grafting t1 and t2 on B+(t3, … , tk). This expression is the sum of five terms:
1 1) T1, obtained by grafting t1 and t2 on the root. It is nothing but the tree t itself.
2 2) T2, obtained by grafting t1 on the root and t2 elsewhere.
3 3) T3, obtained by grafting t2 on the root and t1 elsewhere.
4 4) T4, obtained by grafting t1 on some branch and t2 on some other branch.
5 5) T5, obtained by grafting t1 and t2 on the same branch.
The terms Fa(T2) + Fa(T3), Fa(T4) and Fa(T5) are well-defined by the induction hypothesis on the number of branches, and are obviously symmetric in t1 and t2. We thus arrive at:
which is symmetric in t1 and t2 thanks to the left pre-Lie relation in A. The expression [1.81] is then the same if we exchange t1 with the branch t2 or any other branch; hence, it is invariant by any permutation of the branches t1,…, tn. This proves Theorem 1.4 for one generator. The general case is proven similarly, except we have to replace a ∈ A by a collection {a1,…,ad}.
1.6.3. Right-sided commutative Hopf algebras and the Loday-Ronco theorem
Loday and Ronco (2010) have found a deep link between pre-Lie algebras and commutative Hopf algebras of a certain type: let ℋ be a commutative Hopf algebra. Following this, we say that ℋ is right-sided if it is free as a commutative algebra, that is, ℋ = S(V) for some k-vector space V, and if the reduced coproduct verifies:
[1.83]
Suppose that V = ⊕n ≥ 0 is graded with finite-dimensional homogeneous components. Then, the graded dual A = V0 is a left pre-Lie algebra, and by the Milnor-Moore theorem, the graded dual ℋ0 is isomorphic to the enveloping algebra
The Hopf algebra ℋCK of rooted forests enters into this framework, and, as it was first explicited in Chapoton (2001), the associated pre-Lie algebra is the free pre-Lie algebra of rooted trees with grafting: to see this, denote by (δs) the dual basis in the graded dual
[1.84]
Here, t ↷ u is obtained by grafting t on u, namely:
[1.85]
where N′(t, u, v) is the number of partitions V(t) = V ∐ W, W < V, such that υ|V = t and υ|W = u. Another normalization is often employed: considering the normalized dual basis
[1.86]
where:
[1.87]
where
The other pre-Lie operation ⊲ of section 1.6.1.2, more precisely its opposite ⊳, is associated with another right-sided Hopf algebra of forests ℋ which has been investigated in Calaque et al. (2011) and Manchon and Saidi (2011), and which can be defined by considering trees as Feynman diagrams (without loops): let