Armcha...Figure 1.19. Separation of SWCNTs of structure (n,m) using ultracentrifugation, ...Figure 1.20. Diagram of a “composite” electrode, made up of a “forest” of SWCNTs...Figure 1.21. Horizontally aligned SWCNT array on silicon substrateFigure 1.22. SWCNT “forest” deposited vertically on a silicon substrateFigure 1.23. Graphene films deposited on a Si substrate covered with a thin laye...Figure 1.24. Resistivity variations of graphene and two 2D materials as a functi...Figure 1.25. Resistivity of graphene and mobility of charge carriersFigure 1.26. Graphene deposits obtained on Ni and Cu substrates, transferred to ...Figure 1.27. Different steps in the catalytic process leading to a graphene mono...Figure 1.28. Formation of a single layer of graphene by “joining” two graphene g...Figure 1.29. Steps in continuous tape formation [PET/epoxy/G/Cu]Figure 1.30. Statistical evaluation of the quality of graphene obtained by GO re...Figure 1.31. Transformation of GO bulk aerogel into graphene by point laser irra...Figure 1.32. Different stages in the production of solidified graphene foam, SGFFigure 1.33. Mechanical characteristics of a film of graphene oxide (GO)Figure 1.34. Graphene oxide (GO) sheetsFigure 1.35. Graphene paper (r-GO) obtained after reduction of graphene oxide (G...Figure 1.36. Reprocessed h-grapheneFigure 1.37. SEM images of graphene fibers. a) Knotted fiber. b) Twisted two-str...Figure 1.38. Diagram of the apparatus used in large-scale graphene wire producti...Figure 1.39. Successive steps in the formation of G/PS compositeFigure 1.40. Uses of graphene derivatives in different fieldsFigure 1.41. Two-step transformation of graphite into GQDs then into WGQD white ...Figure 1.42. N-GQD production by TATB pyrolysisFigure 1.43. Photoluminescence of GQDs, interpreted as a function of size and li...Figure 1.44. Perrin-Jablonski diagrams of nitrogen and oxygen doped GQDs charact...Figure 1.45. VOC detection device, using variations in the resistance of a N-GQD...Figure 1.46. UV detection device. a) Photograph of the Au/GQD/Ag junction. b) SE...Figure 1.47. Diagrammatic representation of graphynes. a) Simple graphyne (n = 1...Figure 1.48. Electrochemical reduction of O2 on GDY electrodes doped with differ...Figure 1.49. Production of Cl-GDY and lithium-ion storage capacities2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1. Cumulative growth of the number of publications concerning different...Figure 2.2. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of Au NPs of different...Figure 2.3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of Au NR obtained from dec...Figure 2.4. Controlled deposition of Pt atomic layers on Pd nanocubesFigure 2.5. Deposition mechanisms of Pt on Pd nanocubes as a function of relativ...Figure 2.6. Comparative performance of different electrocatalysts used for oxyge...Figure 2.7. Defining dimensional range of nanoclusters corresponding to a transi...Figure 2.8. Stages in Au25(SR)18 formationFigure 2.9. Crystal structure of Au25(SR)18Figure 2.10. Variation of Eg as a function of Au NC sizeFigure 2.11. Comparative luminescence of Au NC chelated by single Au(I)-Thiolate...Figure 2.12. Luminescence of Au NCs complexed with poly(amidoamine) dendrimers a...Figure 2.13. Principle of dopamine (DA) assay by β-CD-modified Au NCs. a) One-po...Figure 2.14. Reactions from CdSe NPs showing the addition of an alloy layer (CdS...Figure 2.15. Normalized photoluminescence (PL norm.) of CdSe@CdS and [email protected] 2.16. Photoluminescence of QDs, specifying their color emission ranges. F...Figure 2.17. Representation of the crystal structures of MX2 type TMDs. a) Three...Figure 2.18. MoS2/Pt catalyst for water reduction in an acidic mediumFigure 2.19. Field effect transistor (FET) produced using a WSe2 nanosheetFigure 2.20. Electrochemical lithiation and de-lithiation of MoS2 and Fe3O4/MoS2...Figure 2.21. Schematic representation of the graphene/MoS2/CdS nanostructureFigure 2.22. MoS2/graphene-CdS composite nanostructureFigure 2.23. Structure and topology of MOF-5Figure 2.24. Isoreticulation principleFigure 2.25. Principle involved in the production of “interpenetrated” MOFs (1→2...Figure 2.26. Principle of MOC production by means of a self-assembly reaction. a...Figure 2.27. Interaction of CO2 molecules with NH(CH3)CH2CH2NH(CH3) diamines ads...Figure 2.28. Adsorption of CO2 on MOF-Mg-DiamineFigure 2.29. Absorption, photoemission and energy transfer between a ligand and ...Figure 2.30. Fluorescence of MIL-78 MOFs (Y, Ln) by irradiation at 252 nm. Red, ...Figure 2.31. Detection of DMNB by fluorescence quenching of MOF [Zn2(bpdc)2(bpee...Figure 2.32. Synthesis of MOF UiO-66-NH2 and transformation by 3- and 4-methylen...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Worldwide energy sources. a) Distribution and contribution of differ...Figure 3.2. Operating principle of a lithium-ion battery in discharge regimeFigure 3.3. Comparison of global tonnages of the main active cathode materials p...Figure 3.4. Evolution of energy quantities produced by different types of rechar...Figure 3.5. Discharge curves of some typical cathode materials used in LIBsFigure 3.6. Theoretical and practical specific energies of different types of re...Figure 3.7. Surface evolution of a lithium electrode, initially covered with a t...Figure 3.8. Specific capacities and coulombic efficiency of Li//NMC622 batteriesFigure 3.9. Manufacture of double-walled Si@SiOx tubesFigure 3.10. Evolution of the capacities of different Si nanostructures during c...Figure 3.11. Evaluation of the storage properties of a silicon nanopowder mixed ...Figure 3.12. P-Si-graphite (PSG) composites and storage properties. a) SEM image...Figure 3.13. Electrochemical characterization of nSi/MX-C and Gr-Si/MX-C anodes ...Figure 3.14. Variation curves of Li+ ionic conduction in a selection of solid an...Figure 3.15. Galvanostatic charge-discharge (C/D) curves at 0.1 mA/cm2 for symme...Figure 3.16. Discharge characteristics of all-solid batteries [Li//electrolyte//...Figure 3.17. Specific capacities and redox potentials of anode (graphite, lithiu...Figure 3.18. Charge/discharge (C/D) curves of a sulfur-carbon composite cathode ...Figure 3.19. Capacity retention of different sulfur composite cathodes as a func...Figure 3.20. Simplified diagram of the transformation of S. aureus bacteria. [email protected] 3.21. Electrochemical characteristics of all-solid state Li(In)//LiPS//S-...Figure 3.22. Action of two redox catalysts DBBQ and TTF, in a Li/O2 battery with...Figure 3.23. Galvanostatic charge and discharge (i = 1A/g) curves between 2 V an...Figure 3.24. Natural abundance of certain strategic elements used in battery pro...Figure 3.25. Comparison of ion insertion modes in graphite and turbostratic grap...Figure 3.26. Electrochemical characteristics of an NVP/C cathode. a) Galvanostat...Figure 3.27. Organic materials used in sodium batteriesFigure 3.28. Porous graphitic-type bipolar material consisting of a 2D network o...Figure 3.29. Planar and three-dimensional structures of thin film all-solid micr...Figure 3.30. Steps in the creation of [Ru//LiV2O5//LiPON//SnNx//TiN] microbatter...Figure 3.31. Electrochemical characteristics of three microbatteries [Ru//LiV2O5...Figure 3.32. Comparison of different capacitor typesFigure 3.33. Influence of the pore size of an electrode material on its capacita...Figure 3.34. Structural and capacitive characteristics of r-GO-P filmsFigure 3.35. Pseudocapacitor made from a V2O5-CNT hybrid material. a) Multi-wall...Figure 3.36. Faradic and capacitive contributions to the specific capacity of th...Figure 3.37. Galvanostatic discharge characteristics of LiCoO2 nanocrystallites ...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Operating principle of a photovoltaic cellFigure 4.2. Photon flux of the solar spectrum and maximum values of photovoltaic...Figure 4.3. Evolution of energy yields of major photovoltaic technologies over t...Figure 4.4. Front view of a photovoltaic cell, module and solar panel assembliesFigure 4.5. Simplified energy diagram of an organic photovoltaic cell consisting...Figure 4.6. Exciton dissociation mechanisms in different types of heterojunction...Figure 4.7. Energy diagram of the BHJ photovoltaic cell with 6% efficiency. The ...Figure 4.8. Photogeneration of electrons and holes in a non-fullerene BHJ OPV. C...Figure 4.9. Fluorinated acceptor (IT-4F) and donor (PBDB-T-SF polymer) materials...Figure 4.10. Performance of photovoltaic cells made with two different BHJs cont...Figure 4.11. Characteristics of a tandem OPV cell consisting of two BHJs with co...Figure 4.12. Dye-sensitized photovoltaic cellFigure 4.13. Orders of magnitude of the time constants corresponding to the diff...Figure 4.14. Examples of multicolored solar panels inserted in building facades....Figure 4.15. Structure of the perovskite PbI3CH3NH3 (ABX3) showing the insertion...Figure 4.16. Main architectures used in perovskite cells (PSC)Figure 4.17. Planar structure of a CH3NH3PbI3-xClx perovskite solar cellFigure 4.18. Hybrid perovskite containing a ternary mixture of MA, FA and Cs cat...Figure 4.19. (a) p-n homojunction; (b) a DH double heterojunctionFigure 4.20. Evolution of costs ($/lm) and lighting power (lm/LED) of red-and wh...Figure 4.21. Different phenomena involved in the injection of electrons (e-) and...Figure 4.22. Electroluminescence produced by a GaN/InGaN NR arrayFigure 4.23. Energy diagram of a p-i-n type OLED. The HTL and ETL layers are p- ...Figure 4.24. Emitted light hv in an OLED. ηr
