The Behavior of Animals. Группа авторов

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      H. BURGHAGEN AND J.-P. EWERT

      INTRODUCTION

      Driving a car during rush-hour, we are exposed to a flood of information that bombards our sensory systems through various channels: visual, auditory, vibratory, somatosensory, etc. If the central nervous system (CNS) were to respond to all this information simultaneously, chaos would develop. Thus, on the one hand, the CNS must be ready to collect information from different sensory channels and to process these in parallel and concurrently; on the other hand, it must be selective: perceiving the right thing in the right place at the right time—say, a traffic sign—and responding to it appropriately, for example, by stepping on the brakes. This involves localization, identification, and decision-making. In general, all animals employ their sensory instruments for the translation of perception into action in order to select a specific goal-oriented skill.

      Moving from the behavioral to the neurophysiological level of analysis, we explore stimulus perception and the behavior that ensues, from which some general principles across species emerge. In the CNS, there are stimulus-response mediating pathways and neural loops that modulate, modify, or even specify that mediation. Using neuronal correlates of releasing mechanisms as well as neural network modeling, which operate as sensori-motor interfaces, we discuss sensory structures involved in feature detection including olfaction in insects, configurational visual object perception in toads and monkeys, and visual perception in primates.

      Stimulus Reception

      Sensory information to be processed comes from outside an organism’s CNS and must get first in contact with the nervous system via its receptors. This information concerns basic sensory modalities:

       Photoreception: response to radiant energy in the visible wavelength range of the electromagnetic spectrum (photons).

       Thermoreception: response to radiant thermal energy in the nonvisible wavelength range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

       Mechanoreception: response to kinetic energy, including hearing, vibration, touch, balance, etc.

       Chemoreception: response to chemical energy, including smell and taste.

      Particular perceptual capabilities include electroreception (response to electrical energy) and magnetoreception (response to energy of a magnetic field). Nociception, the reception of pain, involves specific cell physiological responses to severe tissue damage caused by thermal, kinetic, and/or chemical energy. The form of energy to which the receptor cell responds determines the sensory modality. Within a sensory modality (e.g., vision), different stimulus qualities (color) and stimulus quantities (brightness) can be distinguished.

      Receptor cells provide organisms with information on their own sensory worlds

      Each

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