Schob, O.M., Allen, D.C., Benzel, E. et al. (1996). A comparison of the pathophysiologic effects of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and helium pneumoperitoneum on intracranial pressure. Am. J. Surg. 172: 248–253.82 82 Huettemann, E., Terborg, C., Sakka, S.G. et al. (2002). Preserved CO2 reactivity and increase in middle cerebral arterial blood flow velocity during laparoscopy surgery in children. Anesth. Analg. 94: 255–258.
83 83 Clowes, G.H.A. Jr., Kretchmer, H.E., McBurney, R.W. et al. (1953). The electro‐encephalogram in the evaluation of the effects of anesthetic agents and carbon dioxide accumulation during surgery. Ann. Surg. 138: 558–568.
84 84 Bailey, J.E. and Pablo, L.S. (1999). Anesthetic and physiologic considerations for veterinary endosurgery. In: Veterinary Endosurgery (ed. L.J. Freeman), 24–43. St Louis: Mosby.
85 85 Fahy, B.G., Barnas, G.M., Flowers, J.L. et al. (1995). The effects of increased abdominal pressure on lung and chest wall mechanics during laparoscopy surgery. Anesth. Analg. 81: 744–750.
86 86 Mutoh, T., Lamm, W.J.E., Embree, L.J. et al. (1991). Abdominal distension alters regional pleural pressures and chest wall mechanics in pigs in vivo. J. Appl. Physiol. 70: 2611–2618.
87 87 Pelosi, P., Foti, G., Cereda, M. et al. (1996). Effects of carbon dioxide insufflation for laparoscopic cholecystectomy on the respiratory system. Anaesthesia 51: 744–749.
88 88 Peroni, J. and Fischer, A.T. Jr. (1995). Effects of carbon dioxide insufflation and body position on blood gas values and cardiovascular parameters in the anesthetized horse undergoing laparoscopy. ACVS Veterinary Symposium 30, Chicago, Ill (29 October–1 November 1995).
89 89 Kadono, Y., Yaegashi, H., Machioka, K. et al. (2013). Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of the degree of head‐down angle during robot assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Int. J. Med. Robot. Comput. Assist. Surg. 9: 17–22.
90 90 Salihoglu, Z., Demiroluk, S., Cakmakkaya, S. et al. (2002). Influence of the patient positioning on respiratory mechanics during pneumoperitoneum. Middle East J. Anesthesiol. 16: 521–528.
91 91 Wahba, R.W. and Mamazza, J. (1993). Ventilatory requirements during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Can. J. Anaesth. 40: 206–210.
92 92 Hofmeister, E., Peroni, J.F., and Fisher, A.T. Jr. (2008). Effects of carbon dioxide insufflation and body position on blood gas values in horses anesthetized for laparoscopy. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 28: 549–553.
93 93 Hardie, R.J., Flanders, J.A., Schmidt, P. et al. (1996). Biomechanical and histological evaluation of a laparoscopic stapled gastropexy technique in dogs. Vet. Surg. 25: 127–133.
94 94 Kim, Y.K., Park, S.J., Lee, S.Y. et al. (2013). Laparoscopic nephrectomy in dogs: an initial experience of 16 experimental procedures. Vet. J. 198: 513–517.
95 95 Leonardi, F., Properzi, R., Rosa, J. et al. (2020). Combined laparoscopic ovariectomy and laparoscopic‐assisted gastropexy versus combined laparoscopic ovariectomy and total laparoscopic gastropexy: a comparison of surgical time, complications and postoperative pain in dogs. Vet. Med. Sci. 6: 321–329.
96 96 Mullet, C.E., Viale, J.P., Sagnard, P.E. et al. (1993). Pulmonary CO2 elimination during surgical procedures using intra‐ or extraperitoneal CO2 insufflation. Anesth. Analg. 76: 622–626.
97 97 Dehours, E., Valle, B., Bournes, V. et al. (2013). A pneumomediastinum with diffuse subcutaneous emphysema. J. Emerg. Med. 44: e81–e82.
98 98 Philips, S. and Falk, G.L. (2011). Surgical tension pneumothorax during laparoscopic repair of massive hiatus hernia: a different situation requiring different management. Anesth. Intensive Care 39: 1120–1123.
99 99 Suresh, Y.V., Suresh, A.Y., and Sequeira, T.F. (2014). Laparoscopy‐pneumothorax and ocular emphysema, a rare complication – a case report. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 8: GD01–GD02.
100 100 Joris, J.L., Chiche, J.D., and Lamy, M.L. (1995). Pneumothorax during laparoscopic fundoplication: diagnosis and treatment with positive end‐expiratory pressure. Anesth. Analg. 81: 993–1000.
101 101 Bendinelli, C., Leonardi, F., and Properzi, R. (2019). Spontaneous pneumothorax in two dogs undergoing combined laparoscopic ovariectomy and total laparoscopic gastropexy. J. Vet. Sci. 20: e25.
102 102 Monnet, E. (2020). Laparoscopic correction of sliding hiatal hernia in eight dogs: description of the technique, complications, and short‐term outcome. Vet. Surg. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13541. Epub ahead of print.
103 103 Ko, M.L. (2010). Pneumopericardium and severe subcutaneous emphysema after laparoscopic surgery. J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol. 17: 531–533.
104 104 Knos, G.B., Sung, Y.F., and Toledo, A. (1991). Pneumopericardium associated with laparoscopy. J. Clin. Anesth. 3: 56–59.
105 105 Falk, G.L., D’Netto, T.J., Phillips, S. et al. (2018). Pneumothorax: laparoscopic intraoperative management during fundoplication facilitates management of cardiopulmonary instability and surgical exposure. J. Laparoendosc. Adv. Surg. Tech. 28: 1371–1373.
106 106 Couture, P., Boudreault, D., Derouin, M. et al. (1994). Venous carbon dioxide embolism in pigs: an evaluation of end‐tidal carbon dioxide, transesophageal echocardiography, pulmonary artery pressure, and precordial auscultation as monitoring modalities. Anesth. Analg. 79: 867–873.
107 107 Staffieri, F., Lacitignola, L., De Siena, R. et al. (2007). A case of spontaneous venous embolism with carbon dioxide during laparoscopic surgery in a pig. Vet. Anesth. Analg. 34: 63–66.
108 108 Gilroy, B.A. and Anson, L.W. (1987). Fatal air embolism during anesthesia for laparoscopy in a dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 190: 552–554.
109 109 Lantz, P.E. and Smith, J.D. (1994). Fatal carbon dioxide embolism complicating attempted laparoscopic cholecystectomy ‐ case report and literature review. J. Forensic Sci. 39: 1468–1480.
110 110 Haroun‐Bizri, S. and ElRassi, T. (2001). Successful resuscitation after catastrophic carbon dioxide embolism during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. 18: 118–121.
111 111 Hong, J.Y., Kim, W.O., and Kil, H.K. (2010). Detection of subclinical CO2 embolism by transesophageal echocardiography during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Urology 75: 581–584.
112 112 Kim, C.S., Kim, J.Y., Kwon, J.Y. et al. (2009). Venous air embolism during total laparoscopic hysterectomy. Anesthesiology 111: 50–54.
113 113 Schmandra, T.C., Mierdl, S., Bauer, H. et al. (2002). Transoesophageal echocardiography shows high risk of gas embolism during laparoscopic hepatic resection under carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum. Br. J. Surg. 89: 870–876.
114 114 Derouin, M., Couture, P., Boudreault, D. et al. (1996). Detection of gas embolism by transesophageal echocardiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth. Analg. 82: 119–124.
115 115 Menes, T. and Spivak, H. (2000). Laparoscopy: searching for the proper insufflation gas. Surg. Endosc. 14 (11): 1050–1056.
116 116 Park, E.Y., Kwon, J.Y., and Kim, K.J. (2012). Carbon dioxide embolism during laparoscopic surgery. Yonsei Med. J. 53: 459–466.
117 117 de Jong, K.I.F. and de Leeuw, P.W. (2019). Venous carbon dioxide embolism dureing laparoscopic cholecystectomy a literature review. Eur. J. Intern Med. 60: 9–12.
118 118
