practice to generate and communicate ideas during the ideation process. Devices on computers or smartphones create these types of sketches.
1.4.6.6. Table, touch pad and pen
Users can draw naturally as if they were using paper and pencil, reducing the time to create the sketch. The collaborative aspect is possible on touchscreen tablets where the screen is shared across multiple tablets (Pelland et al. 2019). Touchscreen tablets also allow for multi-user operation simultaneously, but directly on the same hardware. This opens up opportunities for users to replace the features of their pen with those of another medium, such as a paintbrush.
1.4.6.6. Augmented reality on smartphones and tablets
Augmented reality on smartphones and tablets is classically used to visualize an object in its future real environment, or to visualize transformations or information embedded on a real object.
Figure 1.4. Example of a collaborative work situation with augmented reality flow visualization (created with the Time2Teach virtual reality tool) on a tangible air filter, using a Hololens headset and a tablet. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/fleury/innovation.zip
There are also apps available to create 3D sketches directly on tablets and smartphones. Combining 3D sketches with augmented reality can be a simple, inexpensive and effective solution for ideation (Pelland et al. 2019).
1.4.6.6. Virtual reality sketches
Virtual reality is used to create immersive models, in exterior or interior view, to present to project partners. It is possible to view a CAD model immersively, but there are also various programs that can create 3D models from virtual reality equipment. Generating concepts in 3D could be ideal for reducing the time until reaching the engineering process (Pelland et al. 2019). Gravity Sketch is one software package for users to work on 3D sketches. Time2Sketch is another example of software, developed by our team, that allows for multi-user sketch creation, among other things.
1.4.6.6. Model generation by artificial intelligence
Evolutionary algorithms are usually used to solve software engineering problems. Due to the success of these artificial intelligences, engineers have developed machine learning to calculate an ideal design for a problem with multiple variables. These machine-made digital designs are called “Generative Models”. If these models are not yet able to provide satisfactory final designs, they can on the other hand propose automatic deformations on existing models in order to lead the designer to explore shapes that he or she would not necessarily have considered alone. This process requires significant computing power, and many hours of processing. Despite this, the generated models have an obvious potential for the future of design.
1 1 Augmented reality glasses project, which was abandoned in 2015.
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