сторонами, но к 2016 г. 40 % сайтов отправляли данные третьим сторонам. Среди трекеров, «обладающих наибольшей способностью фиксировать профили поведения пользователей на множестве сайтов», google-analytics.com упоминается как «заметно оторвавшийся от других» и собирающий больше данных с большего количества сайтов, чем кто-либо из остальных. Исследователи приходят к выводу, что, несмотря на озабоченность конфиденциальностью, которой в последние годы уделялось столько внимания, отслеживание существенно расширилось по «масштабам и сложности», демонстрируя четкую восходящую тенденцию. Другими словами, сегодня больше слежки, чем когда-либо с момента появления интернета, несмотря на то что граждане и правительства пытаются защитить личную жизнь. См.: Adam Lerner et al., “Internet Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Trackers: An Archeological Study of Web Tracking from 1996–2016,” in Proceedings of the Workshop on End-to-End, Sense-and-Respond Systems, Applications, and Services: (EESR ’05), June 5, 2005, Seattle (Berkeley, CA: USENIX Association, 2005), http://portal.acm.org/toc.cfm?id=1072530.
350
Ibrahim Altaweel, Nathan Good, and Chris Jay Hoofnagle, “Web Privacy Census” (SSRN scholarly paper, Social Science Research Network, December 15, 2015), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2703814.
351
Timothy Libert, “Exposing the Invisible Web: An Analysis of Third-Party HTTP Requests on 1 Million Websites,” International Journal of Communication 9 (October 28, 2015): 18.
352
Altaweel, Good, and Hoofnagle, “Web Privacy Census”.
353
Mengwei Xu et al., “AppHolmes: Detecting and Characterizing App Collusion Among Third-Party Android Markets,” Association for Computing Machinery, 2017, https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/appholmes-detecting-characterizing-app-collusion-among-third-party-android-markets.
354
См.: “Press | Yale Privacy Lab,” https://privacylab.yale.edu/press.html; and “Exodus Privacy,” Exodus-Privacy, https://exodus-privacy.eu.org/. См. также: Yael Grauer, “Staggering Variety of Clandestine Trackers Found In Popular Android Apps,” Intercept, November 24, 2017, https://theintercept.com/2017/11/24/staggering-variety-of-clandestine-trackers-found-in-popular-android-apps/.
355
“Complaint of Disconnect, Inc.,” 2.
356
“Complaint of Disconnect, Inc.,” 3.
357
Vigneri et al., “Taming the Android AppStore”; “Antitrust/Cartel Cases—40099 Google Android,” European Union Commission on Competition, April 15, 2015, http://ec.europa.eu/competition/elojade/isef/case_details.cfm?proc_code= 1_40099.
358
“European Commission – Press Release – Antitrust: Commission Sends Statement of Objections to Google on Android Operating System and Applications,” European Commission, April 20, 2016, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_ IP-16-1492_en.htm.
359
“Complaint of Disconnect, Inc.,” 40.
360
Марк Ротенберг, телефонное интервью с автором, июнь 2014 г.
361
Jennifer Howard, “Publishers Settle Long-Running Lawsuit Over Google’s Book-Scanning Project,” Chronicle of Higher Education, October 4, 2012, https://chronicle.com/article/Publishers-Settle-Long-Running/134854; “Google Books Settlement and Privacy,” EPIC.org, October 30, 2016, https://epic.org/privacy/googlebooks; Juan Carlos Perez, “Google Books Settlement Proposal Rejected,” PCWorld, March 22, 2011, http://www.pcworld.com/article/222882/article.html; Eliot Van Buskirk, “Justice Dept. to Google Books: Close, but No Cigar,” Wired, February 5, 2010, http://www.wired.com/2010/02/justice-dept-to-google-books-close-but-no-cigar; Miguel Helft, “Opposition to Google Books Settlement Jells,” New York Times—Bits Blog, April 17, 2009, https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/17/opposition-to-googlebooks-settlement; Brandon Butler, “The Google Books Settlement: Who Is Filing and What Are They Saying?” Association of Research Libraries 28 (2009): 9; Ian Chant, “Authors Guild Appeals Dismissal of Google Books Lawsuit,” Library Journal, April 16, 2014, http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2014/04/litigation/authors-guild-appeals-dismissal-of-google-books-lawsuit.
362
“Investigations of Google Street View,” EPIC.org, 2014, https://epic.org/privacy/streetview; David Kravets, “An Intentional Mistake: The Anatomy of Google’s Wi-Fi Sniffing Debacle,” Wired, May 2, 2012, https://www.wired.com/2012/05/google-wifi-fcc-investigation; Clint Boulton, “Google WiFi Privacy Breach Challenged by 38 States,” eWeek, July 21, 2010, http://www.eweek.com/c/a/SearchEngines/Google-WiFi-Privacy-Breach-Challenged-by-38-States-196191; Alastair Jamieson, “Google Will Carry On with Camera Cars Despite Privacy Complaints Over Street Views,” Telegraph, April 9, 2009, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/5130068/Google-will-carry-on-with-camera-cars-despite-privacy-complaints-over-street-views.html; Gareth Corfield, “‘At Least I Can Walk Away with My Dignity’—Streetmap Founder After Google Lawsuit Loss,” Register, February 20, 2017, https://www.the register.co.uk/2017/02/20/streetmap_founder_kate_sutton_google_lawsuit.
363
Joseph Menn, Daniel Schäfer, and Tim Bradshaw, “Google Set for Probes on Data Harvesting,” Financial Times, May 17, 2010, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/254ff5b6-61e2-11df-998c-00144feab49a.html#axzz3JjXPNno5.
