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Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time, 2nd ed. (Boston: Beacon, 2001), 75–76; Карл Поланьи, Великая трансформация: политические и экономические истоки нашего времени (Санкт-Петербург: Алетейя, 2002), 96–97.
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Karl Marx, Capital, 3rd ed. (New York: Penguin, 1992), Ch. 26; Карл Маркс и Фридрих Энгельс, Сочинения, 2-е изд. Т. 23. (Москва: Издательство политической литературы, 1960), гл. 24.
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Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Schocken, 2004), 198; Ханна Арендт, Истоки тоталитаризма (Москва: ЦентрКом, 1996), 216–217.
225
Michael J. Sandel, What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013); Майкл Сэндел, Что нельзя купить за деньги. Моральные ограничения свободного рынка (Москва: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2013).
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David Harvey, The New Imperialism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 153.
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Sergey Brin, “2004 Founders’ IPO Letter,” Google, https://abc.xyz/investor/founders-letters/2004.
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Cato Institute, Eric Schmidt Google/Cato Interview, YouTube, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BH3vjTz8OII.
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Nick Summers, “Why Google Is Issuing a New Kind of Toothless Stock,” Bloomberg.com, April 3, 2014, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04-03/why-google-is-issuing-c-shares-a-new-kind-of-powerless-stock. Когда акционеры выступили против этой системы на ежегодном общем собрании компании, проголосовав 180 миллионами голосов за резолюцию о равном праве голоса, основатели компании, которым принадлежал 551 миллион голосов, просто не обратили на это никакого внимания.
230
Eric Lam, “New Google Share Classes Issued as Founders Cement Grip,” Bloomberg.com, April 3, 2014, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04-03/new-google-shares-hit-market-as-founders-cement-grip-with-split.
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Tess Townsend, “Alphabet Shareholders Want More Voting Rights but Larry and Sergey Don’t Want It That Way,” Recode, June 13, 2017, https://www.recode.net/2017/6/13/15788892/alphabet-shareholder-proposals-fair-shares-counted-equally-no-supervote.
232
Ronald W. Masulis, Cong Wang, and Fei Xie, “Agency Problems at Dual-Class Companies,” Journal of Finance 64, no. 4 (2009): 1697–1727, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540–6261.2009.01477.x; Randall Smith, “One Share, One Vote?” Wall Street Journal, October 28, 2011, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203911804576653591322367506. В 2017 г. в ходе первичного размещения акций Snap предлагались только неголосующие акции, что оставляло в руках учредителей 70 % голосов; остальные голоса сохранили за собой первоначальные инвесторы. См.: Maureen Farrell, “In Snap IPO, New Investors to Get Zero Votes, While Founders Keep Control,” Wall Street Journal, January 17, 2017, http://www.wsj.com/articles/in-snap-ipo-new-investors-to-get-zero-votes-while-founders-keep-control-148 4568034. В ходе других IPO фигурировали суперголосующие акции, на каждую из которых приходилось во много раз (от 30 до 10 000) больше голосов, чем на обычную акцию. См.: Alfred Lee, “Where Supervoting Rights Go to the Extreme,” Information, March 22, 2016.
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“Power Play: How Zuckerberg Wrested Control of Facebook from His Shareholders,” VentureBeat (blog), February 2, 2012, https://venturebeat.com/2012/02/01/zuck-power-play.
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Spencer Feldman, “IPOs in 2016 Increasingly Include Dual-Class Shareholder Voting Rights,” Securities Regulation & Law Report, 47 SRLR 1342, July 4, 2016; R. C. Anderson, E. Ottolenghi, and D. M. Reeb, “The Extreme Control Choice,” paper presented at the Research Workshop on Family Business, Lehigh University, 2017.
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Adam Hayes, “Facebook’s Most Important Acquisitions,” Investopedia, February 11, 2015, http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/021115/facebooks-most-important-acquisitions.asp; Rani Molla, “Google Parent Company Alphabet Has Made the Most AI Acquisitions,” Recode, May 19, 2017, https://www.recode.net/2017/5/19/15657758/google-artificial-intelligence-ai-investments; “The Race for AI: Google, Baidu, Intel, Apple in a Rush to Grab Artificial Intelligence Startups,” CB Insights Research, July 21, 2017, http://www.cbinsights.com/research/top-acquirers-ai-startups-ma-timeline.
236
“Schmidt: We Paid $1 Billion Premium for YouTube,” CNET, March 27, 2018, https://www.cnet.com/news/schmidt-we-paid-1-billion-premium-for-youtube.
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Adrian Covert, “Facebook Buys WhatsApp for $19 Billion,” CNNMoney, February 19, 2014, http://money.cnn.com/2014/02/19/technology/social/facebook-whatsapp/ index.html.
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Tim Fernholz, “How Mark Zuckerberg’s Control of Facebook Lets Him Print Money,” Quartz (blog), March 27, 2014, https://qz.com/192779/how-mark-zuckerbergs-control-of-facebook-lets-him-print-money.
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Duncan
