and Transparency
7.5 Sustainability and Climate Change
7.6 Politics and Geopolitics
7.7 Conclusion
Notes
16 Chapter 8: Summary and Conclusions Notes
17 Index
List of Tables
1 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Changing age ranges and dependency ratios.Table 2.2 Gender distribution changes by broad age group.Table 2.3 Stock of foreign population by nationality (thousands).Table 2.4 Native-born and foreign-born (employment and participation).Table 2.5 Small countries' demographic differences.
2 Chapter 3Table 3.1 US consumer expenditures by age: 2019 (expenditure shares).Table 3.2 UK household expenditures by age of household reference person.Table 3.3 Age-related spending (% of GDP): 2016–2070.
3 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Average effective retirement age vs. normal retirement age: 2013–...Table 6.2 Pension replacement rates: 2018.Table 6.3 Gross pension wealth by earnings (males and females).Table 6.4 Net pension wealth by earnings.Table 6.5 Cash expenditures on public pensions.Table 6.6 Public pensions as share of GDP: 2019–2070.Table 6.7 Summary of the five-pillar pension system.Table 6.8 Pension asset allocation trends: 2001–2020.Table 6.9 DB-DC asset split: 2001–2020.Table 6.10 Pension market size: 2020.
4 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Human Development Index ranks: 2019.Table 7.2 Gender Inequality Index.Table 7.3 SDG index scores (select countries).
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 World population level.Figure 2.2 Annual population growth.Figure 2.3a Median age (regions): 1950–2020.Figure 2.3b Median age (G6): 1950–2020.Figure 2.4a Life expectancy at birth (region).Figure 2.4b Life expectancy at birth (G6).Figure 2.5a Total fertility rates (region).Figure 2.5b Total fertility rates (G6).Figure 2.6a Old-age dependency ratios (regions).Figure 2.6b Old-age dependency ratios (G6).Figure 2.7 Gender ratios (regions): 1950–2020.Figure 2.8a World 1980 (age structure).Figure 2.8b World 2020 (age structure).Figure 2.9 Evolution of the US age structure: 1980–2020.Figure 2.10 Evolution of Japan's age structure: 1980–2020.Figure 2.11a Net number of migrants (thousands).Figure 2.11b Net migration rate per thousand.Figure 2.12 Net migrants (share of population change).Figure 2.13a Japan: net migration and natural increase (thousands).Figure 2.13b Germany: net migration and natural increase (thousands).Figure 2.13c UK: net migration and natural increase (thousands).Figure 2.13d US: net migration and natural increase (thousands).Figure 2.14 Permanent migration flows into OECD countries: 2019 (percentage ...Figure 2.15 Foreign-born population in OECD and Europe: 2000–2019.Figure 2.16a Share of urban population (%).Figure 2.16b Share of urban population (G6).Figure 2.17 Population density.Figure 2.18 Life expectancy at ages 65 and 80.Figure 2.19 Mean age at first marriage (years): England and Wales.Figure 2.20 US median age at first marriage (years): 1950–2020.Figure 2.21 Mean age of childbearing (G6).
2 Chapter 3Figure 3.1a France GDP growth decomposition: 1951–2019. Annual percentages....Figure 3.1b Germany GDP growth decomposition: 1951–2019. Annual percentages....Figure 3.2a Italy GDP growth decomposition: 1951–2019. Annual percentages....Figure 3.2b Japan GDP growth decomposition (1951–2019). Annual percentages....Figure 3.3a UK GDP growth decomposition: 1951–2019. Annual percentages.Figure 3.3b US GDP growth decomposition: 1951–2019. Annual percentages.Figure 3.4a Female economic activity rates by age: 1990.Figure 3.4b Female economic activity rates by age: 2019.Figure 3.5a Male economic activity rates by age: 1990.Figure 3.5b Male economic activity rates by age: 2019.Figure 3.6 Average wage year-on-year changes (local currency basis): 2001–20...Figure 3.7 Labour productivity growth: 1951–2019.Figure 3.8 EU social protection expenditures (% of GDP): 2019.Figure 3.9 Unemployment and youth unemployment (%): 2019.
3 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Typified life-cycle income/investment hypothesis.Figure 4.2 Income and consumer expenditures by age (based on age of head of ...Figure 4.3 Annual live births and when they turn 65: Japan and Germany post-...Figure 4.4 Live births and cohorts: 1910–2001.Figure 4.5 Short-term interest rates and the MY ratio: 1910–2001.Figure 4.6 Equity premium and the MY Ratio: 1910–2001.Figure 4.7 Variations in demographic ratios across countries.Figure 4.8 US assets by age: Q4, 2020.Figure 4.9 Assets by race: Q4, 2020.Figure 4.10 Homeownership rates by age of head of household.
4 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Health expenditures (% of current GDP).Figure 5.2 Health expenditure per capita (current prices, current purchasing...Figure 5.3 Out-of-pocket health expenditures as a share of the total (%)....Figure 5.4 Infant mortality rates: EM.Figure 5.5 Under-five mortality per 1000 live births.Figure 5.6 Median age: country/region variations.Figure 5.7 Current health expenditure per capita (international PPP): 2018....Figure 5.8 Hospital beds per thousand: 2017.Figure 5.9 Increasing life expectancy at birth.Figure 5.10 Life expectancy at age 60.Figure 5.11 Life expectancy vs. healthy life expectancy at birth (years): 20...Figure 5.12 Life expectancy at 60 vs. healthy life expectancy at 60 (years):...Figure 5.13 Life expectancy at birth, world and regions: 1980–2040 (years)....Figure 5.14 Life Expectancy at age 60, world and regions: 1980–2040 (years)....Figure 5.15 Historical highest female life expectancies (years).
5 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Gender pension gap: 2015 or latest.Figure 6.2 Poverty rates among older age groups and the total population....
6 Chapter
