Papastathis, ‘Bildungswesen’, p. 127; see also Die Welt, 4, 23 January 1903.22 22 Bossong, Die Sepharden, p. 105.
23 23 Rena Molho, ‘The Judeo-Spanisch – A Mediterranean Language in Daily Use in 20th Century Salonica’, in Cultural Forum, p. 14; see also Die Welt, 8, 24 June 1899.
24 24 Georg Herlitz and Bruno Kirschner (founders), Jüdisches Lexikon – Ein enzyklopädisches Handbuch des jüdischen Wissens in vier Bänden (Berlin 1927–31), vol. IV/2, p. 1148; Benbassa and Rodrigue, Die Geschichte der sephardischen Juden, p. 62; see also M. Kayserling, Sephardim: Romanische Poesien der Juden in Spanien – Ein Beitrag zur Literatur und Geschichte der Spanisch-Portugiesischen Juden (Leipzig 1859), pp. 140–4.
25 25 Samuel Usque, quoted from Nehama, ‘Zuflucht Saloniki’, p. 98.
26 26 Nar, ‘Die Juden von Thessaloniki’, pp. 78–81; see also ‘Die Juden von Saloniki – Eine Reiseerinnerung’, in Im Deutschen Reich (published by the Central-Verein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens), 1 (January 1917), pp. 12–17.
27 27 Benbassa and Rodrigue, Die Geschichte der sephardischen Juden, pp. 102–7.
28 28 Gogos, ‘Saloniki’, p. 23.
29 29 Nar, ‘Die Juden von Thessaloniki’, p. 81.
30 30 Katrin Boeckh, Von den Balkankriegen zum Ersten Weltkrieg – Kleinstaatenpolitik und ethnische Selbstbestimmung auf dem Balkan (Munich 1996), pp. 212–19; Fränkel, ‘Von den heutigen Juden Salonikis’, in Ost und West, 3 (March 1913), pp. 254–76; ‘Griechenland – Neue griechisch–jüdische Konflikte in Saloniki’, in Die Welt, 28, 10 July 1914.
31 31 Jannis D. Stefanidis, ‘Geschichte Thessalonikis von 1912–1940’, in Eideneier and Eideneier, eds., Thessaloniki, pp. 57–8; Bossong, Die Sepharden, p. 109; ‘Das Schicksal Salonikis’, in Die Welt, 19, 19 May 1914.
32 32 Benmayor, ‘Thessaloniki’, p. 37.
33 33 Boeckh, Von den Balkankriegen, pp. 270–2; George Horton, ‘Saloniki’, in Supplement to Commerce Reports, Annual Series No. 7B, Washington DC, 2 October 1918.
34 34 Stefanidis, ‘Geschichte Thessalonikis’, p. 61; Hagen Fleischer, ‘Griechenland’, in Wolfgang Benz, ed., Dimension des Völkermords – Die Zahl der jüdischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus (Munich 1991), pp. 244–5.
35 35 Nehama, ‘Zuflucht Saloniki’, p. 25.
36 36 Nar, ‘Die Juden von Thessaloniki’, p. 83.
37 37 Herlitz and Kirschner, Jüdisches Lexikon, pp. 62–3; Benmayor, ‘Thessaloniki’, p. 37.
38 38 Bénédict, ‘Das Schulwerk der Alliance in Saloniki’, p. 64; Bossong, Die Sepharden, p. 93; Cohen, ‘Brief aus Saloniki’; Andreas Karkavitsas, ‘Thessaloniki’, in Eideneier, ed., Die Sonnenblumen, p. 55; Carlebach, Exotische Juden, pp. 26–7.
39 39 Adler, Jews in Many Lands, p. 142.
40 40 Elke Sturm-Trigonakis, ‘Jüdisches Leben in Thessaloniki – Ein Gespräch mit Andreas Sefiha’, in Tranvia – Revue der Iberischen Halbinsel, 55 (June 1999), pp. 5–7; M. Ehrenpreis, ‘Saloniki, das Zentrum der Sephardim’, in Menorah, 11 (November 1926), p. 626.
41 41 ‘In medieval Hebrew, the Iberian peninsula was called Sefarad. Before and after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492, the Jewish communities on the Iberian peninsula and the communities with Iberian origins were known as “Sephardic”. As a result of an extension of the meaning but also because of cultural contacts in the past and certain common features of the rite, practically all non-Ashkenaz [central, northern and eastern European Jews], particularly North African and Middle Eastern Jews are called “Sephardic”’: Benbassa and Rodrigue, Die Geschichte der sephardischen Juden, pp. 8–9. The definition in the Neues Lexikon des Judentums states: ‘Hebrew name for the Jews in Spain and Portugal before their expulsion in 1492, later settling in south-eastern Europe, North Africa and Asia, but also in Holland, England, north-western Germany and America’: Julius H. Schoeps, ed., Neues Lexikon des Judentums, new revised edition (Gütersloh 2000), p. 758; see also Herlitz and Kirschner, Jüdisches Lexikon, vol. IV/2, pp. 330–6, and vol. III, pp. 464–6.
42 42 Carlebach, Exotische Juden, pp. 8–9; see also Ehrenpreis, ‘Saloniki, das Zentrum der Sephardim’, pp. 623–9.
43 43 Bossong, Die Sepharden, pp. 88–92, 98–107; Herlitz and Kirschner, Jüdisches Lexikon, vol. III, pp. 464–6.
44 44 Adler, Jews in Many Lands, p. 142.
45 45 Rodrigue, ‘Der Balkan’, pp. 311–13.
46 46 For further details of the life of Heinz Salvator Kounio and his family, see also the book by his sister Erika Myriam Kounio-Amariglo, From Thessaloniki to Auschwitz and Back: Memories of a Survivor from Thessaloniki, trans. Theresa Sundt (London 2000).
47 47 See also C. Z. Klötzel, ‘Saloniki’, in Neue Jüdische Monatshefte, 10 (25 February 1917), p. 282.
48 48 Jüdische Stimme (Vienna), 20 November 1934.
49 49 See, for example, Max Wurmbrand and Cecil Roth, Das Volk der Juden – 4000 Jahre Kampf ums Überleben (Frechen 1999), e.g., pp. 330–1, 404–16.
50 50 Yad Vashem, ed., Black Book of Localities Whose Jewish Population Was Exterminated by the Nazis (Jerusalem 1965), pp. VI, 1–440.
51 51 Shmuel Spector, Editor-in-chief, The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust, 3 vols. (New York 2001), vol. II, p. 848.
52 52 A. H.Teller, ‘Geschichte der Juden in Bilin und Umgebung’, in Gold, Die Juden und Judengemeinden Böhmens, pp. 34–7.
53 53 Arno Pařik, Die Prager Synagogen (Prague 1986), pp. 54, 60–1.
54 54 Jürgen Franzke, ed., Orient Express – König der Züge (Nuremberg 1998), pp. 104–5.
55 55 For further details of the life of Gábor Hirsch and his family, see Gábor Hirsch, Als 14-jähriger durch Auschwitz-Birkenau – Aus dem ungarischen Békéscsaba sieben Monate Konzentrationslager überlebt und über Kattowitz, Czernowitz, Sluzk zurück 1933–1945 (Konstanz 2011).
56 56 Randolph L. Braham, The Politics of Genocide – The Holocaust in Hungary, condensed edition (Detroit 2000), p. 146; Spector, ed., Jewish Life, vol. I, p. 99; Hirsch, Als 14-jähriger durch Auschwitz-Birkenau, p. 20.
57 57 Gábor Hirsch, undated manuscript about the fate of his family and his birthplace Békéscsaba.
58 58 The Central Database of Shoah Victims’ Names at Yad Vashem, page of testimony for Jakob Silberstein, submitted by his niece Lenke Singer on 21 June 1999.
59 59 Zdeněk Jelínek, ‘Tragédie kutnohorských židů’, undated manuscript, translated from Czech to German by Petr Liebl.
60 60 Gottlieb Bondy and Franz Dworský, Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien, vol. I (Prague 1906), pp. 237–8.
61 61 Rabbi Abraham Stein, Die Geschichte der Juden in Böhmen (Brno 1904), p. 40.
62 62 Jelínek, ‘Tragédie kutnohorských židů’.
63 63 Klaus-Dieter Alicke, Lexikon der Jüdischen Gemeinden
