we can change the system by changing how we behave within the system.
A popular environmental slogan (still seen on many bumper stickers) from about 30 years ago—Think Globally, Act Locally—conveys both a vision and strategy. To understand the scale of the challenge posed by global warming, species extinction, extreme weather, and other environmental disasters, we have to take a global perspective. But how do we promote an effective approach to these challenges? We need a movement with a global vision and a local presence.
For example, how do we combat an economic system that has led to increasing economic inequality? How do we contend with the rise of authoritarian populism? What about nativism, racism, misogyny, imperialism? All of these are global phenomena. The rise of Donald Trump is not disconnected from that of Victor Orban in Hungary, Rodrigo Duterte in the Philippines, or Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil. The global dimensions of these challenges must be understood if movements for change are to flourish. But building effective movements for change requires local action, local leaders, and a focus on local manifestations of global problems. Global networks are important, as are global spokespersons, but the real work takes place in our local communities and organizations where the focus may be affordable housing, police‐community relationships, or sexual misconduct at a local high school.
This is related to a central challenge that mediators are very familiar with: How do you connect the underlying concerns or issues that people are trying to come to grips with in conflict, to the tangible manifestations of them that tend to be foremost in their thoughts and emotions?
Divorced parents may be in conflict over how to share time with their children over Christmas or which school they should attend or where they should spend every other Wednesday night, but these details almost always represent more basic concerns about parenting, decision making, boundaries, and communication.
A neighborhood that is up in arms about plans to locate a homeless shelter nearby may be worried about safety and property values, and there are likely racial biases at work as well. But the focus of discussion instead is usually on parking, traffic, lighting, and design. Almost always, the most strenuous arguments start out about the specifics, but the real problem lies at a deeper or more systemic level. Pretending it is just about traffic and safety can enable racist policies, but ignoring those concerns can prevent genuine engagement from occurring. This challenge is not just about the geographical reach or expression of a conflict. It also involves the systemic versus behavioral view, the immediate concerns versus the long‐term challenge, individual action versus communal responsibility, and the action of groups versus that of leaders. Social movements must find a way to attend to the immediate and local while maintaining a long‐term and far‐reaching focus.
Disrupting for What: A Guiding Vision
Dr. King's Beloved Community is a global vision in which all people can share in the wealth of the earth. In the Beloved Community, poverty, hunger, and homelessness will not be tolerated because international standards of human decency will not allow it. Racism and all forms of discrimination, bigotry, and prejudice will be replaced by an all‐inclusive spirit of sisterhood and brotherhood. In the Beloved Community, international disputes will be resolved by peaceful conflict‐resolution and reconciliation of adversaries, instead of military power. Love and trust will triumph over fear and hatred. Peace with justice will prevail over war and military conflict.
—The King Center, n.d.
Democratic socialists believe that both the economy and society should be run democratically—to meet public needs, not to make profits for a few. To achieve a more just society, many structures of our government and economy must be radically transformed through greater economic and social democracy so that ordinary Americans can participate in the many decisions that affect our lives …
Democratic socialists do not want to create an all‐powerful government bureaucracy. But we do not want big corporate bureaucracies to control our society either. Rather, we believe that social and economic decisions should be made by those whom they most affect.
—Democratic Socialists of America, 2020
Social movements are often accused of being clearer about what is wrong and must change than about their vision for the future. This is mostly an undeserved criticism because it's impossible to know precisely how large‐scale systems will reorganize or to predict the future. We have to start with an understanding of what is not working now. Nonetheless, the development of a sense of what kind of society or world we want is essential to powerful change efforts, as is a roadmap for how to get there.
During the first half of the 20th century (and earlier), progressive movements were often motivated by a vision of society founded in socialist ideology. But, particularly in the United States, socialism (mostly unfairly) became associated with support for authoritarian regimes and with intrusive governmental bureaucracies. For much of the last 50 years, socialist ideology has not provided the motivating vision it once did. However, more recently, especially with the presidential campaigns of Bernie Sanders, the ideology of Democratic Socialism has seen a revival. Nonetheless as seen in the last US election, associating a cause (universal healthcare or the Green New Deal, for example) or a politician with socialism continues to be an effective tactic for those seeking to resist change.
Martin Luther King's vision of a Beloved Community has been an important source of strength for the civil rights and Black Lives Matter movements. The Beloved Community provides a picture of a non‐exploitative, nonviolent society, but it says little about the social, political, and economic arrangements that would actualize and sustain this vision. Dr. King believed that a radical commitment to nonviolence and social justice was the path to putting this vision into practice.
There has been no shortage of other contending visions and ideologies: anarchism, liberation theology, radical feminism, and communitarianism, to name a few. It's not our purpose to suggest what vision should or will take hold. Our sense is that ultimately some of the values and ideas of many of these ideologies will have to be part of the long‐term vision of progressive movements if they are to address the challenges we face at their most fundamental level.
What seems clear is that having a hopeful but realistic vision of the world we are striving for, a vision that takes us beyond our immediate struggles or particular focus, is part of what makes fundamental change possible. Such a vision is more likely if we can point to societies that have had at least some success in walking down this road. We can look to social democratic systems (e.g. Sweden or Finland) or countries that have achieved some success in pursuing multiculturalism (e.g. New Zealand or Canada) as partial examples. But these are not perfect examples because they are culturally specific models that will not necessarily work in other contexts, are themselves flawed, and were not designed to deal with problems that are truly global in scale.
This lack of a clear and comprehensive vision for social movements is also in some respects a good thing. Rigid ideologies or movements that have attached themselves to the example of a particular society (China, Cuba, or the Soviet Union, for example) have failed to provide an effective vision, have been political failures, and most importantly have ended up being morally compromised.
Instead, we need to think of a long‐term vision as a process rather than an outcome. The search for a comprehensive vision that is consistent with our values, connected to our actions, and hopeful but also realistic is an essential part of effective social movements. Such a search must be iterative, informed by experience and values, based on a continuous effort to understand our social, political, and economic systems, and inclusive of diverse people and communities.
The following chapters look at both the obstacles we face and strategies we can employ to promote social change. The book focuses on three essential challenges, which together form the steppingstones for system change: productive approaches to conflict engagement, deepening conflict, and system
